In the context of the ongoing climate warming in Europe, the seasonality and magnitudes of low flows and streamflow droughts are expected to change in the future. Increasing temperature and ...evaporation rates, stagnating precipitation amounts and decreasing snow cover will probably further intensify the summer streamflow deficits. This study analyzed the long-term variability and seasonality of low flows and streamflow droughts in fifteen headwater catchments of three regions within Central Europe. To quantify the changes in the low flow regime of selected catchments during the 1968–2019 period, we applied the R package lfstat for computing the seasonality ratio (SR), the seasonality index (SI), mean annual minima, as well as for the detection of streamflow drought events along with deficit volumes. Trend analysis of summer minimum discharges was performed using the Mann–Kendall test. Our results showed a substantial increase in the proportion of summer low flows during the analyzed period, accompanied with an apparent shift in the average date of low flow occurrence towards the start of the year. The most pronounced seasonality shifts were found predominantly in catchments with the mean altitude 800–1000 m.a.s.l. in all study regions. In contrast, the regime of low flows in catchments with terrain above 1000 m.a.s.l. remained nearly stable throughout the 1968–2019 period. Moreover, the analysis of mean summer minimum discharges indicated a much-diversified pattern in behavior of long-term trends than it might have been expected. The findings of this study may help identify the potentially most vulnerable near-natural headwater catchments facing worsening summer water scarcity.
We examined the influence of stimulus context on the response of cells in primate V1 utilising both concentric and spatially discrete stimuli. The majority of cells (
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71
) showed marked patch ...suppression, including non-oriented cells. This suppression was reduced or lost if there was an orientation discontinuity in the stimulus overlying the receptive field. Cross-oriented stimuli could exert strong facilitatory effects so that a cell's response to an optimally oriented stimulus over its receptive field was increased by the presence of an adjacent cross-oriented stimulus. This increase appeared to involve both disinhibition as well as a direct facilitation. The strength of the cross-orientation effects was such that for some cells it seemed appropriate to define a cross-oriented stimulus configuration as the ‘optimal’ stimulus. Effects following from orientation context could be strongly influenced by stimulus direction. Subcortical as well as cortical interactions may contribute to these observations. It is suggested that the properties of the network as a whole define the responses of individual cells and that the representation of discontinuities is an important component of network function in V1.
To eliminate local corona and reduce minimal discharge distance of transmission lines, this paper analyzed expanding diameter insulation jacket for 110kV transmission line. The minimal discharge ...distance and its relationship with the diameter of semi-conducting and expanding diameter was calculated theoretically, finding the best size of expanding diameter and general standard of expanding diameter jacket. Then a model of 110kV bare conductor installing expanding diameter insulation jacket is built, to figure out its electric field distribution by finite element method. Through analyzing, expanding diameter insulation jacket proved to be effective, and its minimal discharge distance decreases 60%.
To sustain an ecological and economical textile industry, the development of a simple coloring process, featuring characteristics of both minimum pollutant discharge and versatile for natural and ...synthetic fibers, remains a challenging task. Herein, a simple (only containing coloring and curing process) and recycled pigment foam coloring approach for cotton, silk and polyester is designed, which is based on photoresponsive foams formed by a nonionic azobenzene surfactant (NAS) doping into a pigment foam coloring system containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), pigment dispersion and binder. Detailed investigations of photoisomerization of NAS, foam properties and color parameters of the obtained fabrics in the recycled pigment foam coloring system are presented. In the pigment foam coloring system, NAS maintains highly selective and reversible photoisomerization properties, allowing to generate colored photoresponsive foams with high photochemical fatigue resistance. With a tunable stability controlled by light, the stable colored foams can be applied in the coloring process for cotton, silk and polyester, while the rapid breakage of residual foams triggered by UV-light enables the recycling of residual foams for further re-utilization at the end of the coloring process, providing a simple alternative coloring process for natural and synthetic fibers with nearly-zero pollutant discharge. This could open up a promising strategy to improve the ecological and economic efficiency of textile coloring industry.
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•A nonionic azobenzene surfactant has been designed to prepare photoresponsive foams.•The stability of colored foams can be remotely controlled solely by light.•The process is feasible in coloring cotton, silk and polyester fabrics.•Residual foams are recyclable, enabling the process to be nearly-zero pollutant discharge.
One of the major problems in fishway design is that optimal parameters depend on an interplay of hydraulic and biological variables. This study presents a methodology for evaluating fishway designs ...in terms of the swimming capabilities of the target species. Specifically, we have evaluated two vertical-slot designs whose hydraulic properties were empirically characterized in a previous study. In view of these empirical data, for each design we have estimated (a) minimum discharges giving minimum fish-acceptable depths; (b) maximum pool sizes ensuring flow velocities low enough to be overcome by the fish; (c) maximum pool sizes ensuring turbulence low enough to be acceptable to the fish. These design constraints are calculated for different slopes (∼6 or ∼10%), different water temperatures (10, 15 or 20
°C), and different fish lengths. This methodology constitutes an effective means of taking fish swimming capabilities into account at the fishway design stage.
The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society hosted a consensus panel of expert ostomy clinicians who were tasked with identifying minimal discharge criteria for home care patients with a new ...fecal or urinary diversion. Shortened hospital inpatient stays, higher patient acuity, and limited access to ostomy specialists send patients with new ostomies home with multiple educational and adjustment needs related to a new stoma. The Society recognized the lack of evidence-based ostomy practice and supported the work of the panel to develop statements that defined elements of the care plan for the patient or caregiver in home care who is adapting to living with a stoma. Eighteen statements were developed that provide minimum discharge criteria for the patient with a new ostomy in the home care setting. Support based upon current evidence as well as expert opinion with implementation strategies are offered for each statement.
The increasing population in the city of Tasikmalaya has an impact on increasing the pace of development in various sectors. population growth and changes in land use have resulted in current ...environmental conditions in a number of areas in the city of Tasikmalaya showing a decline in quality. This is due to the increased use of natural resources including the use of surface water sourced from river water. Cilamajang River is a Ciwulan sub-basin located in the city of Tasikmalaya. The area of the Cilamajang watershed reaches 29.53 km2. Simulation of discharge using 15-year FJ Mock series method data provide a minimum discharge of the Cilamajang River of 474.95 Liters/second. Simulation of discharge and loading of pollution in 2018 has exceeded water quality standards according to PP 82 of 2001, BOD parameters are 131.72 mg/L, the COD parameter is 1.41 mg/L and the TSS parameter is 91.41 mg/L. This condition must receive serious attention for the local government in managing the water environment.
This paper describes the IFIM method (Instream Flow Incremental Methodology) for determining the minimum discharge, which, in addition to hydrological parameters, takes hydraulic, morphological and ...ichthyic parameters into account as well. The basic principle of the method is the relationship between the fish population and its habitat, i.e. that most of the fish species prefer certain combinations of depths, stream velocities and bed materials. If the values for a species living in the section of the river investigated are known, the minimum discharge for each fish species may be determined. This method was verified on reference sections of the Nitra River - the largest tributary of the river Váh. The paper gives the basic results from the section of the Nitra River in which the research was conducted. River restoration measures should fulfil the needs to create conditions similar to a natural stream. It is necessary to point out that the stream depth variability cannot be directly implemented into regulated channel. he measurements made in the reference sections of the Nitra River demonstrated that the relation between the fish population and characteristics of the habitat gives a true picture of the changes induced by the topography of the riverbed (for instance by river regulations) and by the discharge. The main advantage of the IFIM method is that it quantifies biological changes in the river as a function of the weighted usable area and discharge through fish, which are bioindicators of the environmental quality.
The combined sewer system of the City of Prague, similar to other relevant locations, is strongly affected by infiltrating waters. The knowledge of their volume is one of the important parameters ...with respect to sewer system operation, maintenance and reconstruction. The methodology is based on the variation of diurnal chemical oxygen demand (COD) load and continuous water quality monitoring using in-line absorption spectrometry. This approach allows the identification of individual components of the diurnal wastewater hydrograph, in particular the contribution of parasitic water flow to wastewater discharge. The statistical relevance was tested using Monte Carlo simulations on a 7-year data series of flow rate. The results show that application of this methodology provides specific relevant information about individual sub-catchments within an entire sewer system, particularly in terms of absolute and relative values of I/I and structural state indicators. Processing of long-term data series gives clear information about the significance of the monitoring period length for the relevance of obtained results.
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