Scientific Misconduct and Fraud Herbst, Marcel
The European Legacy, Toward New Paradigms,
01/02/2022, Letnik:
27, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Book Review
...the initial and primary purpose of rational and modest research rewards, including financial or reputational rewards for publications and grant applications in some academic institutions, ...encourages researchers to improve their academic level and accelerate the transformation of research results under the premise of scientific integrity. ...some researchers do not clearly understand the importance of obtaining ethical approval before starting a study, leading to the occurrence of ethical issues.2 What has the Chinese government done to improve scientific integrity? Based on its importance and superiority, many institutions in China evaluate their faculties' academic performance by identifying their ability to get NSFC grants. ...researchers in China are under tremendous pressure to obtain NSFC funding, and some of them have taken advantage of the application system to commit fraud. ...we sincerely hope that researchers can join our efforts to reshape the academic landscape and pledge to improve scientific integrity to create a clean research environment, together for consolidating the foundation of research and enhancing the competitiveness of science and technology in China.Conflicts of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
ABSTRACT We study the influence of supervisors on employee misconduct at branches of U.S. financial institutions. Individual supervisor fixed effects explain twice as much variation in branch ...misconduct as firm fixed effects. Supervisor influence is concentrated in firms that theory suggests are most likely to delegate authority—firms with complex operations, distant branches, and trustworthy supervisors. Supervisors affect misconduct through their personnel decisions, attention to employees with past misbehavior, and ethics and industry rules training. After major internal control improvements, supervisor influence declines. Our results illustrate how supervisors influence misconduct above and beyond firm-level factors. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: D21; D82; G20, L22; L23; M12; M40.
Strain theory has long been invoked to explain organizational misconduct, with underperformance creating pressure for firms to engage in morally objectionable activities. In this paper, I examine ...whether underperformance increases the risk of organizational misconduct. Drawing on institutional arguments about professions and social learning, I further predict that when experiencing performance strain, legal professionals will push the boundaries of the law, increasing the risk of misconduct if they have influence over decision making. However, industry peers caught engaging in misconduct should serve as negative role models, reducing the risk of the firm resorting to misconduct to overcome performance shortfalls. I test and find support for these predictions using longitudinal data on material legal claims filed against S&P 1500 firms between 2000 and 2017. The study extends the strain theory of organizational misconduct, identifying how legal professionals and negative role models shape firms' strategic responses to performance pressure.
Scientific Misconduct Gross, Charles
Annual review of psychology,
01/2016, Letnik:
67
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Scientific misconduct has been defined as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. Scientific misconduct has occurred throughout the history of science. The US government began to take systematic ...interest in such misconduct in the 1980s. Since then, a number of studies have examined how frequently individual scientists have observed scientific misconduct or were involved in it. Although the studies vary considerably in their methodology and in the nature and size of their samples, in most studies at least 10% of the scientists sampled reported having observed scientific misconduct. In addition to studies of the incidence of scientific misconduct, this review considers the recent increase in paper retractions, the role of social media in scientific ethics, several instructional examples of egregious scientific misconduct, and potential methods to reduce research misconduct.
A detailed review of all 2,047 biomedical and life-science research articles indexed by PubMed as retracted on May 3, 2012 revealed that only 21.3% of retractions were attributable to error. In ...contrast 67.4% of retractions were attributable to misconduct, including fraud or suspected fraud (43.4%), duplicate publication (14.2%), and plagiarism (9.8%). Incomplete, uninformative or misleading retraction announcements have led to a previous underestimation of the role of fraud in the ongoing retraction epidemic. The percentage of scientific articles retracted because of fraud has increased ~10-fold since 1975. Retractions exhibit distinctive temporal and geographic patterns that may reveal underlying causes.
The book examines the social consequences of courtroom talk through detailed investigation of the cross-examination of three Australian Aboriginal boys in the case against six police officers charged ...with their abduction. Critical sociolinguistic analysis shows how courtroom talk, with its related assumptions about how language works, can serve to legitimize neocolonial control over Indigenous people.
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