To give an overview of the available methods to investigate research misconduct in health-related research.
In this scoping review, we conducted a literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane ...CENTRAL Register of Studies Online (CRSO), and The Virtual Health Library portal up to July 2020. We included papers that mentioned and/or described methods for screening or assessing research misconduct in health-related research. We categorized identified methods into the following four groups according to their scopes: overall concern, textual concern, image concern, and data concern.
We included 57 papers reporting on 27 methods: two on overall concern, four on textual concern, three on image concern, and 18 on data concern. Apart from the methods to locate textual plagiarism and image manipulation, all other methods, be it theoretical or empirical, are based on examples, are not standardized, and lack formal validation.
Existing methods cover a wide range of issues regarding research misconduct. Although measures to counteract textual plagiarism are well implemented, tools to investigate other forms of research misconduct are rudimentary and labour-intensive. To cope with the rising challenge of research misconduct, further development of automatic tools and routine validation of these methods is needed.
Center for Open Science (OSF) (https://osf.io/mq89w).
The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential spill-over of police procedural justice perceptions onto perceptions of prison staff procedural justice and assess the impact of this spill-over on ...prison misconduct.
This study uses data from the Prison Project a longitudinal panel study collected in the Netherlands. The analytic sample included 730 participants. We use structural equation modeling to assess the direct and indirect effects of perceptions of police procedural justice on in-prison misconduct (self-reported and official) mediated by prison staff procedural justice.
Perceptions of police procedural justice are significantly and positively associated with prison staff procedural justice and significantly, negatively, and indirectly associated with prison misconduct through perceptions of prison staff procedural justice. Prison staff procedural justice is significantly and negatively associated with official and self-reported misconduct.
Police procedural justice may have lingering effects on the behavior of people who encounter law enforcement. While prison staff may be able to affect prison misconduct through just procedures, they may benefit or suffer from the impact of people's prior criminal justice experiences.
•Investigates the spill-over of police procedural justice onto prison staff and how this influences prison misconduct.•Perceptions of police procedural justice are significantly and positively associated with prison staff procedural justice.•Perceptions of prison staff procedural justice are significantly and negatively associated with misconduct.•Perceptions of police procedural justice are significantly and negatively indirectly associated with misconduct.
Despite the formidable consequences for firms of having their misconduct publicized-and thus scandalized-we know little about why only some misconduct instances become scandals beyond the idea that ...high-status firms' transgressions are scandalized more often. Focusing on the media's essential role in scandalizing misconduct, we take a media routines perspective to theorize how the status of past transgressors inside and outside the focal transgressor's industry creates different contexts that shape the likelihood of scandalization. We argue that the prevalence of past transgressions by high-status firms within the industry leads journalists to scrutinize the misconduct more, amplifying the effect of the focal firm's status by highlighting its commonalities with past transgressors. Conversely, the prevalence of transgressions by high-status firms outside the industry attenuates the firm status effect on scandalization by directing media attention outside the industry, limiting the information that can be inferred from firm status. Past transgressors' status and their categorical proximity to current transgressors serve as boundary conditions for the scandalizing effect of status. Our contribution lies in elucidating contextual factors that influence how status acts as an antecedent of scandals, and explaining how status and categories feed media routines that influence the likelihood of firm misconduct being scandalized.
ABSTRACT
We study the effects of visits by headquarters' managers on facility-level misconduct. These visits are central to monitoring, but are difficult to observe for a large sample of firms. We ...use the staggered introduction of airline routes to identify exogenous reductions in travel time between headquarters and facilities as our measure of visits and test whether the reductions affect misconduct. We find that for the at-risk sample, travel-time reductions decrease the number of violations by 2 percent and penalties by 23.4 percent, suggesting that management focuses on reducing costlier violations, as opposed to simply reducing the number of violations. These effects are concentrated in firms with weaker control systems, suggesting that strong controls can act as substitutes for visits. Furthermore, the introduction of broadband internet attenuates, but does not eliminate the effect of reductions on misconduct. Finally, we find that reductions result in greater misconduct when firms are subject to performance pressure.
JEL Classifications: M40; M41; M46.
Little research has investigated the conditions that lead to research misconduct. To develop effective intervention/prevention strategies, this void must be filled. This study administered a ...mixed-mode survey (i.e. mail and online) to a stratified random sample of tenured and tenure-track faculty in the natural, social, and applied sciences (N = 613) during the 2016-17 academic year. The sample includes scholars from 100 universities in the United States. Participants were asked about the extent to which they believe a variety of known criminogenic factors contribute to research misconduct in their field. Descriptive results show that professional strains and stressors (e.g. pressure to secure external funds and publish in top-tier journals) are most widely perceived to cause misconduct, followed by the low probability of detecting misbehavior. Results from the MANOVA model show that this pattern of perceived causes remains the same for scholars across scientific fields. Implications for future research are discussed.
Research in signaling theory has recently begun to explore how audiences process signal sets and the incongruence across the signals within. However, prior studies have assumed homogenous ...compositions of signal sets, and thus unidimensional signal incongruence, although social evaluations tend to involve simultaneous processing of different dimensions. In this study, we examine audiences' responses to the interdimensional incongruence between capability and integrity signals, particularly by focusing on how the salience of positive capability signals aggravates investor reactions to organizational misconduct, a negative integrity signal. Using irregular financial restatements as the negative integrity signals and prior alliance announcements as the positive capability signals, we find that investors react more negatively to restatements by firms whose alliance announcements are more salient-that is, the firms that announce more frequently and firms that create more positive expectations from those announcements. We also find that firm size and level of diversification weaken these negative effects. We contribute to research on signaling theory, social evaluations, organizational misconduct, and alliances.
Although increased board independence is a commonly offered solution to curbing corporate misconduct, scholars have expressed skepticism about its effectiveness, and empirical evidence is mixed. We ...argue that the relationship between board independence and corporate misconduct is likely nuanced—and may vary by the type of independence (e.g., independence on the whole board or on the audit committee) and by national context. We conducted a meta-analysis of 135 studies spanning more than 20 countries. We find that the board independence–corporate misconduct relationship (a) is generally negative, (b) varies based on the implementation form that independence takes on (i.e., independence of the whole board, on the audit committee, or between the roles of CEO and board chair), and (c) is more strongly negative in countries with less corruption. We advance corporate governance theory and research by demonstrating that the popular governance practice of increasing board independence must both account for the manner in which independence is implemented and consider the powerful influence of firms’ broader societal context to clearly understand its effect. Further, based on our review of the literature, we uncover opportunities for the advancement of corporate governance and corporate misconduct research.
We study the consequences of a 2010 change in the investment adviser qualification exam that reallocated coverage from the rules and ethics section to the technical material section. Comparing ...advisers with the same employer in the same location and year, we find those passing the exam with more rules and ethics coverage are one-fourth less likely to commit misconduct. The exam change appears to affect advisers’ perception of acceptable conduct and not just their awareness of specific rules or selection into the qualification. Those passing the rules and ethics-focused exam are more likely to depart employers experiencing scandals. Such departures also predict future scandals. Our paper offers the first archival evidence on how rules and ethics training affects conduct and labor market activity in the financial sector.
We investigate a particular aspect of CEO successor trustworthiness that may be critically important after a firm has engaged in financial misconduct. Specifically, drawing on prior research that ...suggests that facial appearance is one critical way in which trustworthiness is signaled, we argue that leaders who convey integrity, a component of trustworthiness, will be more likely to be selected as successors after financial restatement. We predict that such appointments garner more positive reactions by external observers such as investment analysts and the media because these CEOs are perceived as having greater integrity. In an archival study of firms that have announced financial restatements, we find support for our predictions. These findings have implications for research on CEO succession, leadership selection, facial appearance, and firm misconduct.
［Purpose/significance］This paper aims to explore the diversity of keywords and title segmentation words, the differences of the knowledge mappings drawn based on them.［Method/process］We selected ...papers related to "academic misconduct" from CNKI from 2010 to 2019, used diversity indexes to analyze the characteristics of keywords and title segmentation words quantitatively, and compared their knowledge mappings by Citespace software qualitatively.［Result/conclusion］The results have shown that the richness index (S), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') and Pielou evenness index (EH ) of keywords were different from those of title segmentation words, and the similarity of these two units was low, indicating the keywords and title segmentation words are two different units in this paper. Although there are differences in the knowledge mappings drawn based on keywords and title segmentation words, both of them can demonstrate the research topics in the field of "academic misconduct" from their perspectives.
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