Der wachsende Einfluss der Internetplattformen des 21. Jahrhunderts in wirtschaftlicher, gesellschaftlicher und politischer Hinsicht hat eine Diskussion über die angemessene Regulierung dieser ...Konzerne ausgelöst. Im Zentrum dieser Debatte steht das Kartellrecht – das Rechtsgebiet, das zur Kontrolle marktbeherrschender Unternehmen geschaffen wurde. Die Bestimmung des im Kartellrecht fundamentalen Begriffes der marktbeherrschenden Stellung steht in der Rechtsanwendung bei Internetplattformen vor zahlreichen Herausforderungen, von der Unentgeltlichkeit der Leistungen bis hin zur Mehrseitigkeit der Geschäftsmodelle. Die vorliegende Arbeit zerlegt den Begriff der marktbeherrschenden Stellung in seine Teile und zeigt auf, inwiefern die Methodik einer Anpassung an die digitale Wirtschaft bedarf. Dies geschieht unter Einbeziehung der Erkenntnisse der Rechtsökonomie sowie der Rechtsordnungen Deutschlands, der Europäischen Union und der USA.
De engelske kornlovene 1815–1846 ble initiert for å beskytte grunneiernes kommersielle inntekter; matkrisen i Frankrike i 1770 for å øke overskuddet på kongens jord; hungersnøden i Bengal i 1770 for ...å øke East India Companys profitt. Eksemplene indikerer hvordan fattigdom og sult i perioden 1750–1850 kunne skyldes kommersielt maktmisbruk som skadet allmennheten, samtidig som grunneiere og næringslivsinteresser tjente på det. Essayet understreker hvordan progressive økonomer på den tiden foreslo å bruke frihandel for å temme det kommersielle maktmisbruket. Venstresiden agiterte for marked heller enn monopol. Høyresiden agiterte for privilegier heller enn konkurranse.
Abstract
Sensor data can be wirelessly transmitted from simple, battery-less tags using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). RFID sensor tags consist of an antenna, a radio frequency integrated ...circuit chip (RFIC), and at least one sensor. An ideal tag can communicate over a long distance and be seamlessly integrated onto everyday objects. However, miniaturized antenna designs often have lower performance. Here we demonstrate compact, flexible sensor tags with read range comparable to that of conventional rigid tags. We compare fabrication techniques for flexible antennas and demonstrate that screen and stencil printing are both suitable for fabricating antennas; these different techniques are most useful at different points in the design cycle. We characterize two versions of flexible, screen printed folded dipoles and a meandered monopole operating in the 915 MHz band. Finally, we use these antennas to create passive sensor tags and demonstrate over the air communication of sensor data. These tags could be used to form a network of printed, flexible, passive, interactive sensor tags.
Wealth accumulation is a deterministic factor mechanism of national economic growth. Neoclassical growth theory is basically concerned with capital and wealth accumulation in perfectly competitive ...market. Global markets are characterized by a great variety of markets. Nevertheless, there only a few rigorous models of wealth accumulation with other types of markets within neoclassical growth framework. This study attempts to contribute literature of economic growth by introducing monopolistic competition and monopoly into neoclassical growth theory. The model is based on a few well-established economic theories. The model is constructed within framework of the Solow-Uzawa two-sector neoclassical growth model. The description of to monopolistic competition is influenced by the Dixit-Stiglitz model of monopolistic competition. The modelling of monopoly is based on monopoly theory. We model behavior of the household with Zhang’s utility function and concepts of current income and disposable income. The unique contribution of this research is to integrate these theories in a comprehensive framework. We construct the basic model and then analyze properties of the model. The existence of a unique equilibrium point is identified by simulation. The effects of changes in some parameters comparative static analyses in some parameters.
This paper analyzes a bilateral trade model where the buyer's valuation for the object is uncertain and she observes only a signal about her valuation. The seller gives a take-it-or-leave-it offer to ...the buyer. Our goal is to characterize those signal structures which maximize the buyer's expected payoff. We identify a buyer-optimal signal structure which generates (i) efficient trade and (ii) a unitelastic demand. Furthermore, we show that every other buyer-optimal signal structure yields the same outcome as the one we identify: in particular, the same price.
Mussel‐inspired self‐polymerized catecholamine coatings have been widely utilized as a versatile coating strategy that can be applied to a variety of substrates. For the first time, nanomechanical ...measurements and an evaluation of the contribution of primary amine groups to poly(catecholamine) coatings have been conducted using a surface‐forces apparatus. The adhesive strength between the poly(catecholamine) layers is 30‐times higher than that of a poly(catechol) coating. The origin of the strong attraction between the poly(catecholamine) layers is probably due to surface salt displacement by the primary amine, π–π stacking (the quadrupole–quadrupole interaction of indolic crosslinks), and cation–π interactions (the monopole–quadrupole interaction between positively charged amine groups and the indolic crosslinks). The contribution of the primary amine group to the catecholamine coating is vital for the design and development of mussel‐inspired catechol‐based coating materials.
Give it some stick: The adhesive strength of self‐polymerized catecholic coating layers was measured with a surface forces apparatus. The adhesive strength between poly(catecholamine) layers is 30‐times higher than that between poly(catechol) layers. The origin of the strong attraction between poly(catecholamine) layers is possibly due to surface salt displacement, π–π stacking, and cation–π interactions involving the primary amine moiety.
The Vanishing Public Monopoly Levy, Daniel C
International higher education,
06/2018, Letnik:
94, Številka:
94
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A significant aspect of the massive growth of private higher education is the near disappearance of public monopoly. Almost all countries now have both public and private sectors of higher education. ...The decline of public monopoly has been notable for decades, the demise of Communism providing the most impactful moment. The remaining monopoly presence is mostly in small systems, often with rather left-leaning political regimes. In several of these countries, activity to end public monopoly is already underway. (HoF/text adopted).
Abstract
Bitcoin provides its users with transaction-processing services which are similar to those of traditional payment systems. This article models the novel economic structure implied by ...Bitcoin’s innovative decentralized design, which allows the payment system to be reliably operated by unrelated parties called miners. We find that this decentralized design protects users from monopoly pricing. Competition among service providers within the platform and free entry imply no entity can profitably affect the level of fees paid by users. Instead, a market for transaction-processing determines the fees users pay to gain priority and avoid transaction-processing delays. The article (i) derives closed-form formulas of the fees and waiting times and studies their properties, (ii) compares pricing under the Bitcoin Payment System to that under a traditional payment system operated by a profit-maximizing firm, and (iii) suggests protocol design modifications to enhance the platform’s efficiency. The Appendix describes and explains the main attributes of Bitcoin and the underlying blockchain technology.
We propose a parsimonious model of bilateral trade under asymmetric information to shed light on the prevalence of intermediation chains that stand between buyers and sellers in many decentralized ...markets. Our model features a classic problem in economics where an agent uses his market power to inefficiently screen a privately informed counterparty. Paradoxically, involving moderately informed intermediaries also endowed with market power can improve trade efficiency. Long intermediation chains in which each trader's information set is similar to those of his direct counterparties limit traders' incentives to post prices that reduce trade volume and jeopardize gains to trade.
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