Despite their potential to reduce or remedy the impact of cyberbullying, most bystanders do not intervene in witnessed incidents. Social cognitive theory suggests this response is due to interactive ...influences of personal, behavioural and environmental factors, and further shaped by the social and cultural context. However, this has not been empirically tested in cyberbullying bystanders. In this study, 563 grade 7 and 9 students completed a survey to examine the associations between intervention and morality, at the individual and peer-group levels. Results revealed that intervention was significantly associated with gender, grade, previous experiences of cyberbullying, and the interaction between individual and collective moral variables. More frequent intervention was reported by females, grade 7 students, and those with more experience as victims and witnesses of cyberbullying. Finally, collective moral disengagement moderated the effects of individual morality. In disengaged classes, higher moral standards were associated with more frequent intervention; furthermore, in extremely morally disengaged classes, higher moral disengagement was associated with more frequent intervention. These results suggest that consistent with social cognitive theory, individuals' perceptions of social norms moderate the influence of individual morality on intervention.
•Peer interactions are shaped by complex and interactive influences.•Females and younger students intervene more frequently in cyberbullying.•Victimisation and witnessing are positively associated with intervention.•Collective morality moderates the effects of individual morality on intervention.
Today's global challenges necessitate the cooperation of the international community. In two studies, this paper investigates global identity and absolute moral standards as two important predictors ...of solidarity and collective action intentions. In Study 1 (N = 450), we found evidence for parallel direct effects of global identity and absolute standards on intergroup solidarity and indirectly on collective action intentions. Similar, albeit weaker, effects were found for real behavior (a donation). Study 2 (N = 124) experimentally manipulated participants' moral standard. Participants in the absolute standard condition were more willing to participate in collective action than participants who were experimentally focused on a gradual standard. Additionally, Study 2 replicated the indirect effects of global identity and absolute moral standards that we found in Study 1. The results show the important role of global identity and absolute moral standards as independent motivators of collective action.
Although researchers posit that lying is integral to morality, findings have been mixed. The goal of this study was to examine the link between children's lie-telling moral standards and their actual ...antisocial lie telling, across a broad age range (4–15 years) to determine whether it is more evident as children aged, as well as with both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Results revealed that with increasing age, children rated others' antisocial lie telling more negatively, and were less inclined to tell an antisocial lie. Most importantly, children's moral standards for lying guided actual antisocial lie telling concurrently and over time (i.e., a year later), irrespective of age. These finding suggest that, across a broad age range, evaluating lying less negatively was associated with more actual antisocial lying. Finally, these findings also showed that moral standards are related to lie telling in one TRP context, but not the other. Implications are discussed.
•Examined the link between moral standards and antisocial lying in 4-to-15-year olds.•With increasing age, children rated lying more negatively and were less likely to lie.•Irrespective of age, moral standards and actual lying were associated.•Moral standards and actual lying were related in one TRP task, but not the other.•Evaluating lying less negatively predicted more actual lying a year later.
The Moral Nexus Wallace, R. Jay
2019, 20190226, 2019-02-26, Letnik:
15
eBook
The Moral Nexus develops and defends a new interpretation of morality-namely, as a set of requirements that connect agents normatively to other persons in a nexus of moral relations. According to ...this relational interpretation, moral demands are directed to other individuals, who have claims that the agent comply with these demands. Interpersonal morality, so conceived, is the domain of what we owe to each other, insofar as we are each persons with equal moral standing.
The book offers an interpretative argument for the relational approach. Specifically, it highlights neglected advantages of this way of understanding the moral domain; explores important theoretical and practical presuppositions of relational moral duties; and considers the normative implications of understanding morality in relational terms.
The book features a novel defense of the relational approach to morality, which emphasizes the special significance that moral requirements have, both for agents who are deliberating about what to do and for those who stand to be affected by their actions. The book argues that relational moral requirements can be understood to link us to all individuals whose interests render them vulnerable to our agency, regardless of whether they stand in any prior relationship to us. It also offers fresh accounts of some of the moral phenomena that have seemed to resist treatment in relational terms, showing that the relational interpretation is a viable framework for understanding our specific moral obligations to other people.
CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROBLEM: AGRARIAN CONFLICT Akhmad Nulhaqim, Soni; Fedryansyah, Muhammad; Nuriyah Hidayat, Eva ...
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
06/2020, Letnik:
8, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Purpose: Agrarian conflict is the outcome of the land policy that includes problems in land administration and land use. This research aims to analyse the agrarian conflict phenomenon as one of the ...contemporary social problems in Indonesia by referring to the aspects of agrarian conflict causes, agrarian conflict as a social problem, and impacts and resolutions of agrarian conflict.
Methodology: This research adopted a descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected by studying literature and previous research. Causes of agrarian conflict included agrarian reform policy that was still blocked by the disorganised land administration, corruption issue, and land control of some groups.
Main Findings: That condition shoved various moves to generate resistance, notably people who suffered from the poor agrarian reform policy that resulted in agrarian conflict. The agrarian conflict occurred in several sectors such as plantation, property, infrastructure, agriculture, forestry, marine, and mining. In each sector, agrarian conflict was caused by distinct factors. Agrarian conflict is classified as a social problem since it is undergone by many people; it is an unpleasant situation, and it is a condition demanding a resolution that must be done through collective social action. Impacts of agrarian conflict involved casualties, criminalisation, and job losses, which were suffered by people as the victims of the conflict. Efforts to resolve agrarian conflict generally adopt litigation and non-litigation approaches. The litigation approach is performed in court, while a non-litigation approach is carried out via negotiation, mediation, repressive approach, and community-based approach through the empowerment of local people.
Implications: In resolving agrarian conflicts, it is recommended to adopt a non-litigation approach to achieve conflict resolution as a win-win solution and prioritise the parties’ concerns involved in the conflict. One of the non-litigation approaches is known as community-based conflict resolution.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The current study is unique as it contributes to the literature by highlighting the conflict and problems aroused in the agrarian society and reforms developed against them. It will also shed light on the agrarian conflict phenomenon as one of the contemporary social problems in Indonesia.
Four studies (N = 1,151) examined whether people with lower subjective social classes would be more likely to apply higher moral standards to others than to themselves. With participants from ...mainland China, Hong Kong, and the United States, we found that people of lower measured or manipulated subjective social classes accepted others’ hypothetical transgressions less than their own transgressions (Studies 1 and 4), and they claimed others should allocate more money to their partners in a dictator game than they themselves did (Studies 2 and 3). This effect was mediated by perceived injustice (Study 3) and eliminated when the perceived social justice was boosted (Study 4). Higher class individuals did not show such discrepant self–other moral standards. A mini meta-analysis validates the reliability of the findings that only lower class individuals demonstrate double moral standards. Therefore, lower class individuals may increase moral requirements on others as a reaction to their perceived unjust disadvantages.
This study adaptes the identity-value model (IVM) of self-regulation to examine a structural model of the psychosocial processes governing hypercompetitive attitudes among athletes. Structural ...equation modeling of data from 522 competitors, aged 11–23 years, showed that the effect of athletic identity on hypercompetitive attitudes was serially mediated via athletes’ values and self-regulatory efficacy. Athletic identity positively predicted all athletes’ values for morality, competence, and status. Moral values (positively) and status values (negatively) predicted self-regulatory efficacy, which in turn negatively predicted hypercompetitive attitudes. Self-regulatory efficacy (fully) mediated the negative effect of moral values and (partially) mediated the positive effect of status values on hypercompetitive attitudes. Also, these effects were invariant across gender, sports types, and age. This study extends the application of the IVM, the athletic identity maintenance model (AIMM), and the Schwartz’ basic values theory, by suggesting that athletic identity is a strong predicator of athletes’ values and can operate in concert with athletes’ values and self-regulation efficacy in governing hypercompetitive attitudes.
•Athletic identity positively contributed to predict the hypercompetitive attitudes.•Athletic identity indirectly predicted hypercompetitive attitudes through athletes’ values and self-regulatory efficacy.•Athletic identity indirectly predicted self-regulatory efficacy through athletes’ values.•Self-regulation efficacy governed the impact of athletes’ values on hypercompetitive attitudes.•Status values enhanced predictive strength of athletic identity on hypercompetitive attitudes.
Seven studies demonstrate that threats to moral identity can increase how definitively people think they have previously proven their morality. When White participants were made to worry that their ...future behavior could seem racist, they overestimated how much a prior decision of theirs would convince an observer of their non-prejudiced character (Studies 1a-3). Ironically, such overestimation made participants appear more prejudiced to observers (Study 4). Studies 5 to 6 demonstrated a similar effect of threat in the domain of charitable giving—an effect driven by individuals for whom maintaining a moral identity is particularly important. Threatened participants only enhanced their beliefs that they had proven their morality when there was at least some supporting evidence, but these beliefs were insensitive to whether the evidence was weak or strong (Study 2). Discussion considers the role of motivated reasoning, and implications for ethical decision making and moral licensing.
Extending research on self-serving double moral standards (hypocrisy), we examine the reverse pattern of other-serving hypercrisy toward close relationship partners. In three studies (N = 1,019), for ...various imagined transgressions, people made more lenient moral judgments for their close friends (Studies 1 & 2) and romantic partners (Study 3) compared to themselves. This hypercrisy effect emerged both for transgressions toward third parties (Study 1) and toward each other (i.e., within the relationship; Studies 2 & 3). Moreover, it was moderated by perceptions of the relationship: Participants who more strongly believed their relationship to be a zero-sum game (i.e., needs can only be met competitively) showed greater leniency for themselves and attenuated hypercrisy for mutual transgressions (Studies 2 & 3). Investigating people’s close others rather than strangers as targets of moral judgment thus suggests that other-serving hypercrisy is more prevalent than previously thought, but sensitive to people’s conceptualizations of their relationships.
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