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•Vegetable biomass Tamarix aphylla (TA) was used for nanocellulose (NC) synthesis.•NC extracted from TA was coated with silver (NC-AgNPs) and iron (NC-FeNPs) nanoparticles.•NC, ...NC-AgNPs, and NC-FeNPs were used to prepare nanocomposite ultrafiltration PES membrane.•The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of NC and its coated forms with NPs were evaluated.
Nanotechnology takes place in almost every stage of our lives and it has also started to find application in membrane technologies. In order to overcome the fouling phenomenon, which is the main problem of membrane processes, composite membranes containing metallic nanoparticles (NPs) with antibacterial properties are produced. Therefore, research continues to find environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and abundant materials to prevent membrane fouling. This study focused on the valorization of vegetable biomass Tamarix aphylla for nanocellulose (NC) synthesis which was coated subsequently with silver (NC-Ag NPs) and iron (NC-Fe NPs) nanoparticles to acquire the hybrid composites for ultrafiltration membrane preparation. The coated NC with metal NPs and synthesized membranes were characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of NC and its coated forms with NPs were evaluated. It was found that significant scavenging abilities against the DPPH radical reached the maximum of 82.94% at 200 mg/L. The abilities of the three samples (NC, NC-Ag NPs, NC-Fe NPs) for DNA cleavage were tested and important outcomes were recorded. Furthermore, the antimicrobial abilities of the composites were examined by the microdilution procedure and they exhibited good ability. The biofilm inhibition rates of the composites were determined, where the highest biofilm inhibition against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was recorded for NC-Ag NPs as 63.85% and 81.20%, respectively. Briefly, among the tested NC and NPs coated NC, NC-Fe NPs exhibited significant antimicrobial potential compared to the others. Thus, it may be promising hybrid nanocellulose complexes for antifouling membrane preparation.
The increasing interest in sustainable materials has led to a growing exploration of natural biopolymers as matrices for these materials. Chitosan, valued for its biocompatibility and ...biodegradability, is a valuable raw material for eco-friendly products. This study assessed the impact of incorporating cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and propolis extract (EEP) on the mechanical, physical, structural, gas barrier, and antimicrobial properties of chitosan-based films, especially within the scope of their prospective use in the packaging industry. The addition of cellulose nanofibrils and propolis extract to the chitosan matrix did not affect the tensile strength and elongation at break of the obtained films compared with the pure chitosan film. The addition of CNF and EEP to chitosan had effect on barrier properties (water vapor transmission rate, carbon dioxide transmission rate and oxygen transmission rate) of films. The inclusion of propolis extract to chitosan-nanocellulose film caused the antibacterial activity (against Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes) of the produced films and lack of activity against probiotic bacterial strains (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum). The findings provide valuable insights into the development of sustainable and antimicrobial materials intended for packaging food, addressing environmental concerns.
•The chitosan/nanocellulose/propolis films showed antibacterial activity.•The concentration of CNF did not effect on film mechanical properties.•The films showed a reduce rate of CO2 transmission compared to oxygen.•The addition of EEP improves the adhesion of the resulting packaging materials.
Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) is widely used as a reinforcement filler for biocomposites due to its unique properties. However, the challenge of drying MFC and the incompatibility between ...nanocellulose and polymer matrix still limits the mechanical performance of MFC-reinforced biocomposites. In this study, we used a water-based transesterification reaction to functionalize MFC and explored the capability of oven-dried MFC as a reinforcement filler for polylactic acid (PLA). Remarkably, this oven-dried, vinyl laurate–modified MFC improved the tensile strength by 38 % and Young’s modulus by 71 % compared with neat PLA. Our results suggested improved compatibility and dispersion of the fibrils in PLA after modification. This study demonstrated that scalable water-based surface modification and subsequent straightforward oven drying could be a facile method for effectively drying cellulose nanomaterials. We find that the method helps significantly disperse fibrils in polymers and enhances the mechanical properties of microfibrillar cellulose-reinforced biocomposites.
Nanocellulose is cellulose in the form of nanostructures, i.e., features not exceeding 100 nm at least in one dimension. These nanostructures include nanofibrils, found in bacterial cellulose; ...nanofibers, present particularly in electrospun matrices; and nanowhiskers, nanocrystals, nanorods, and nanoballs. These structures can be further assembled into bigger two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) nano-, micro-, and macro-structures, such as nanoplatelets, membranes, films, microparticles, and porous macroscopic matrices. There are four main sources of nanocellulose: bacteria (
), plants (trees, shrubs, herbs), algae (
), and animals (
). Nanocellulose has emerged for a wide range of industrial, technology, and biomedical applications, namely for adsorption, ultrafiltration, packaging, conservation of historical artifacts, thermal insulation and fire retardation, energy extraction and storage, acoustics, sensorics, controlled drug delivery, and particularly for tissue engineering. Nanocellulose is promising for use in scaffolds for engineering of blood vessels, neural tissue, bone, cartilage, liver, adipose tissue, urethra and
, for repairing connective tissue and congenital heart defects, and for constructing contact lenses and protective barriers. This review is focused on applications of nanocellulose in skin tissue engineering and wound healing as a scaffold for cell growth, for delivering cells into wounds, and as a material for advanced wound dressings coupled with drug delivery, transparency and sensorics. Potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity of nanocellulose are also discussed.
Nanocellulose (NC) has lately appeared as a member of the major promising “green” materials, garnering great attentiveness due to it’s unique features. Several new materials with huge variety of ...biomedical uses have been developed based on the most coveted aspects of Nanocellulose, including biodegradability, sustainability, biocompatibility and their especial physicochemical properties. There are primarily three class of Nanocellulose, every one of which is maufactured in a different way and has different qualities. In the previous couple of years, scientists have concentrated on nanocellulose-based systems which are employed as drug delivery vehicles. Controlled and sustained drug release has varying potential for different applications and administration routes; in this case, nanocellulose was used as a persistent biomaterial that aided in drug delivery. There are two different forms of nanocellulose-based biomedical materials that are currently being developed. At the molecular level, they are tissue bioscaffolds for cellular growth, drug excipients for drug administration, and enzyme/protein immobilisation and recognition. On the contrary at the macroscopic level biomaterial, they are blood vascular and soft tissue substitutes, skin and bone tissue healing materials, and antibacterial materials. The prospective biomedical use of nanocellulose will also be determined by its functional alteration.
•Nanocellulose – Mainly Introduction, Production methods, Properties and applications.
In Indonesia, starch, particularly that obtained from bengkuang (Pachyrhizus erosus), is abundant and inexpensive, thereby increasing the value of bengkuang starch, which can be mixed with ...bioplastic-based starch. A biocomposite comprising nanocellulose from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and bengkuang starch was successfully fabricated using the solution casting method. Nanocellulose content in the matrix was kept constant at 1wt%. Moreover, during fabrication, the biocomposite gel was treated in an ultrasonic bath for 0, 15, 30, and 60min. Further, thermogravimetric analysis, moisture absorption measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The biocomposite sample vibrated for 60min had the highest thermal stability and exhibited low moisture absorption. The soil burial test proved that this biocomposite, as opposed to 0-min vibrated samples, has a slower biodegradation rate. This result was supported by morphological evaluation after biodegradation, in which the 60-min vibrated samples showed a coarse surface and low porosity formation.
The research interest in sustainable and eco-friendly materials based on natural sources has increased dramatically due to their recyclability, biodegradability, compatibility, and nontoxic behavior. ...Nanocellulose contains chains of glucose residue and is an abundantly available green material. Recently, nanocellulose-based green composites are under extensive exploration and gained popularity among researchers owing to their lightweight, lost cost, low density, excellent mechanical and physical characteristics. These materials have also shown tremendous potential for applications in biomedical and numerous engineering fields. The mechanical properties of these materials play a vital role in effective utilization and their exploration for future applications. This review article comprehensively presents current developments, results, and findings in the arena of green and sustainable materials. Currently, the main problem is the large variability in their properties and qualities. Nanocellulose properties are influenced by various factors, including the fiber type, ecological conditions, manufacturing methods, and any alteration of the fiber surface. Finally, the review incorporates future challenges and opportunities in the field of nano cellulosic materials.
•An aqueous phase reaction has been applied for surface modification of MFC.•Surface modified and oven dried MFC has significantly reinforcement effect for PLA.•Modified MFC has improved ...compatibility and dispersion in PLA matrix.
Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) is widely used as a reinforcement filler for biocomposites due to its unique properties. However, the challenge of drying MFC and the incompatibility between nanocellulose and polymer matrix still limits the mechanical performance of MFC-reinforced biocomposites. In this study, we used a water-based transesterification reaction to functionalize MFC and explored the capability of oven-dried MFC as a reinforcement filler for polylactic acid (PLA). Remarkably, this oven-dried, vinyl laurate–modified MFC improved the tensile strength by 38 % and Young’s modulus by 71 % compared with neat PLA. Our results suggested improved compatibility and dispersion of the fibrils in PLA after modification. This study demonstrated that scalable water-based surface modification and subsequent straightforward oven drying could be a facile method for effectively drying cellulose nanomaterials. The method helps significantly disperse fibrils in polymers and enhances the mechanical properties of microfibrillar cellulose-reinforced biocomposites.
In nature, cellulose nanofibers form hierarchical structures across multiple length scales to achieve high-performance properties and different functionalities. Cellulose nanofibers, which are ...separated from plants or synthesized biologically, are being extensively investigated and processed into different materials owing to their good properties. The alignment of cellulose nanofibers is reported to significantly influence the performance of cellulose nanofiber-based materials. The alignment of cellulose nanofibers can bridge the nanoscale and macroscale, bringing enhanced nanoscale properties to high-performance macroscale materials. However, compared with extensive reviews on the alignment of cellulose nanocrystals, reviews focusing on cellulose nanofibers are seldom reported, possibly because of the challenge of aligning cellulose nanofibers. In this review, the alignment of cellulose nanofibers, including cellulose nanofibrils and bacterial cellulose, is extensively discussed from different aspects of the driving force, evaluation, strategies, properties, and applications. Future perspectives on challenges and opportunities in cellulose nanofiber alignment are also briefly highlighted.
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