Electrochemical energy storage technology is of critical importance for portable electronics, transportation and large‐scale energy storage systems. There is a growing demand for energy storage ...devices with high energy and high power densities, long‐term stability, safety and low cost. To achieve these requirements, novel design structures and high performance electrode materials are needed. Porous 1D nanomaterials which combine the advantages of 1D nanoarchitectures and porous structures have had a significant impact in the field of electrochemical energy storage. This review presents an overview of porous 1D nanostructure research, from the synthesis by bottom‐up and top‐down approaches with rational and controllable structures, to several important electrochemical energy storage applications including lithium‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, lithium‐sulfur batteries, lithium‐oxygen batteries and supercapacitors. Highlights of porous 1D nanostructures are described throughout the review and directions for future research in the field are discussed at the end.
Porous 1D nanomaterials utilize the advantages of both 1D nanoarchitecture and porous morphology to further enhance the performance of materials for energy‐storage applications. The current status of porous 1D nanostructures, from methodologies for rational and controllable synthesis, to their successful application in lithium‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, lithium–oxygen batteries and supercapacitors is presented.
In recent years, an increasing number of nanomaterials have been explored for their applications in biomedical diagnostics, making their applications in healthcare biosensing a rapidly evolving ...field. Nanomaterials introduce versatility to the sensing platforms and may even allow mobility between different detection mechanisms. The prospect of a combination of different nanomaterials allows an exploitation of their synergistic additive and novel properties for sensor development. This paper covers more than 290 research works since 2015, elaborating the diverse roles played by various nanomaterials in the biosensing field. Hence, we provide a comprehensive review of the healthcare sensing applications of nanomaterials, covering carbon allotrope-based, inorganic, and organic nanomaterials. These sensing systems are able to detect a wide variety of clinically relevant molecules, like nucleic acids, viruses, bacteria, cancer antigens, pharmaceuticals and narcotic drugs, toxins, contaminants, as well as entire cells in various sensing media, ranging from buffers to more complex environments such as urine, blood or sputum. Thus, the latest advancements reviewed in this paper hold tremendous potential for the application of nanomaterials in the early screening of diseases and point-of-care testing.
Photochromic Carbon Nanomaterials
In article number 2401912 by Quan Li and co‐workers, the recent developments in an emerging class of photochromic carbon nanomaterials are introduced. These ...functional hybrid materials offer unique opportunities and exhibit new features that can be employed in specific applications and devices. This review summarizes the fabrication methods, properties, and various applications, e.g., in energy storage, nanoelectronics and bioimaging, of photochromic carbon nanomaterials.
Ferroptosis, a new form of regulated cell death that is iron‐ and reactive oxygen species dependent, has attracted much attention in the research communities of biochemistry, oncology, and especially ...material sciences. Since the first demonstration in 2012, a series of strategies have been developed to induce ferroptosis of cancer cells, including the use of nanomaterials, clinical drugs, experimental compounds, and genes. A plethora of research work has outlined the blueprint of ferroptosis as a new option for cancer therapy. However, the published ferroptosis‐related reviews have mainly focused on the mechanisms and pathways of ferroptosis, which motivated this contribution to bridge the gap between biological significance and material design. Therefore, it is timely to summarize the previous efforts on the emerging strategies for inducing ferroptosis and shed light on future directions for using such a tool to fight against cancer. Here, the current strategies of cancer therapy based on ferroptosis will be elaborated, the design considerations and the advantages and limitations are highlighted, and finally a future perspective on this emerging field is given.
Iron‐ and indirect iron‐based nanomaterials can be developed for ferroptosis‐based cancer therapy via release of their own iron or loaded endogenous iron in lysosomes after endocytosis, which can employ the Fenton reaction to produce reactive oxygen species and induce lipid peroxidation. Such systems are reviewed for application in cancer therapy.
The high conductivity of graphene material (or its derivatives) and its very large surface area enhance the direct electron transfer, improving non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors sensitivity and ...its other characteristics. The offered large pores facilitate analyte transport enabling glucose detection even at very low concentration values. In the current review paper we classified the enzymeless graphene-based glucose electrocatalysts' synthesis methods that have been followed into the last few years into four main categories: (i) direct growth of graphene (or oxides) on metallic substrates, (ii) in-situ growth of metallic nanoparticles into graphene (or oxides) matrix, (iii) laser-induced graphene electrodes and (iv) polymer functionalized graphene (or oxides) electrodes. The increment of the specific surface area and the high degree reduction of the electrode internal resistance were recognized as their common targets. Analyzing glucose electrooxidation mechanism over Cu- Co- and Ni-(oxide)/graphene (or derivative) electrocatalysts, we deduced that glucose electrochemical sensing properties, such as sensitivity, detection limit and linear detection limit, totally depend on the route of the mass and charge transport between metal(II)/metal(III); and so both (specific area and internal resistance) should have the optimum values.
Toxico-/biokinetics of nanomaterials Landsiedel, Robert; Fabian, Eric; Ma-Hock, Lan ...
Archives of toxicology,
07/2012, Letnik:
86, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Nanomaterials (NM) offer great technological advantages but their risks to human health are still under discussion. For toxicological testing and evaluation, information on the toxicokinetics of NM ...is essential as it is different from that of most other xenobiotics. This review provides an overview on the toxicokinetics of NM available to date. The toxicokinetics of NM depends on particle size and shape, protein binding, agglomeration, hydrophobicity, surface charge and protein binding. In most studies with topical skin application, unintentional permeation and systemic availability were not observed; permeation for some NM with distinct properties was observed in animals. Upon inhalation, low levels of primary model nanoparticles became systemically available, but many real-world engineered NM aggregate in aerosols, do not disintegrate in the lung, and do not become systemically available. NM are prone to lymphatic transport, and many NM are taken up by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) acting as a depot. Their half-life in blood depends on their uptake by MPS rather than their elimination from the body. NM reaching the GI tract are excreted with the feces, but of some NM low levels are absorbed and become systemically available. Some quantum dots were not observably excreted in urine nor in feces. Some model quantum dots, however, were efficiently excreted by the kidneys below, but not above 5–6 nm hydrodynamic diameter, while nanotubes 20–30 nm thick and 500–2,000 nm long were abundant in urine. NM are typically not metabolized. Some NM cross the blood–brain barrier favored by a negative surface charge.
This article discusses optically active nanomaterials and their optical biosensing applications. In addition to enhancing their sensitivity, these nanomaterials also increase their biocompatibility. ...For this reason, nanomaterials, particularly those based on their chemical compositions, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, inorganic-based nanomaterials, organic-based nanomaterials, and composite-based nanomaterials for biosensing applications are investigated thoroughly. These nanomaterials are used extensively in the field of fiber optic biosensing to improve response time, detection limit, and nature of specificity. Consequently, this article describes contemporary and application-based research that will be of great use to researchers in the nanomaterial-based optical sensing field. The difficulties encountered during the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanomaterials are also enumerated, and their future prospects are outlined for the reader's benefit.
The emergence and global spread of bacterial resistance to currently available antibiotics underscore the urgent need for new alternative antibacterial agents. Recent studies on the application of ...nanomaterials as antibacterial agents have demonstrated their great potential for management of infectious diseases. Among these antibacterial nanomaterials, carbon‐based nanomaterials (CNMs) have attracted much attention due to their unique physicochemical properties and relatively higher biosafety. Here, a comprehensive review of the recent research progress on antibacterial CNMs is provided, starting with a brief description of the different kinds of CNMs with respect to their physicochemical characteristics. Then, a detailed introduction to the various mechanisms underlying antibacterial activity in these materials is given, including physical/mechanical damage, oxidative stress, photothermal/photocatalytic effect, lipid extraction, inhibition of bacterial metabolism, isolation by wrapping, and the synergistic effect when CNMs are used in combination with other antibacterial materials, followed by a summary of the influence of the physicochemical properties of CNMs on their antibacterial activity. Finally, the current challenges and an outlook for the development of more effective and safer antibacterial CNMs are discussed.
The recent research progress on antibacterial carbon‐based nanomaterials (CNMs) is reviewed, first focusing on the physicochemical parameters of CNMs, then introducing various antibacterial mechanisms and discussing the influence of physicochemical parameters on their antibacterial activity. Finally a conclusion is presented highlighting the current challenges and future perspectives for the development of more effective and safer antibacterial CNMs.
2D nanomaterials with unique nanosheet structures, large surface areas, and extraordinary physicochemical properties have attracted tremendous interest. In the area of nanomedicine, research on ...graphene and its derivatives for diverse biomedical applications began as early as 2008. Since then, many other types of 2D nanomaterials, including transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, black phosphorus nanosheets, layered double hydroxides, and metal–organic framework nanosheets, have been explored in the area of nanomedicine over the past decade. In particular, a large surface area makes 2D nanomaterials highly efficient drug delivery nanoplatforms. The unique optical and/or X‐ray attenuation properties of 2D nanomaterials can be harnessed for phototherapy or radiotherapy of cancer. Furthermore, by integrating 2D nanomaterials with other functional nanoparticles or utilizing their inherent physical properties, 2D nanomaterials may also be engineered as nanoprobes for multimodal imaging of tumors. 2D nanomaterials have shown substantial potential for cancer theranostics. Herein, the latest progress in the development of 2D nanomaterials for cancer theranostic applications is summarized. Current challenges and future perspectives of 2D nanomaterials applied in nanomedicine are also discussed.
2D nanomaterials with their unique nanosheet structure, large surface area, and extraordinary physicochemical properties have attracted tremendous interest for application in many different fields including nanomedicine in recent years. The recent progress in the development of different classes of 2D nanomaterials in biomedicine, especially for cancer theranostic applications, is summarized.
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