Although at present there is broad agreement among researchers, health professionals, and policy makers on the need to control and combat health misinformation, the magnitude of this problem is still ...unknown. Consequently, it is fundamental to discover both the most prevalent health topics and the social media platforms from which these topics are initially framed and subsequently disseminated.
This systematic review aimed to identify the main health misinformation topics and their prevalence on different social media platforms, focusing on methodological quality and the diverse solutions that are being implemented to address this public health concern.
We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published in English before March 2019, with a focus on the study of health misinformation in social media. We defined health misinformation as a health-related claim that is based on anecdotal evidence, false, or misleading owing to the lack of existing scientific knowledge. We included (1) articles that focused on health misinformation in social media, including those in which the authors discussed the consequences or purposes of health misinformation and (2) studies that described empirical findings regarding the measurement of health misinformation on these platforms.
A total of 69 studies were identified as eligible, and they covered a wide range of health topics and social media platforms. The topics were articulated around the following six principal categories: vaccines (32%), drugs or smoking (22%), noncommunicable diseases (19%), pandemics (10%), eating disorders (9%), and medical treatments (7%). Studies were mainly based on the following five methodological approaches: social network analysis (28%), evaluating content (26%), evaluating quality (24%), content/text analysis (16%), and sentiment analysis (6%). Health misinformation was most prevalent in studies related to smoking products and drugs such as opioids and marijuana. Posts with misinformation reached 87% in some studies. Health misinformation about vaccines was also very common (43%), with the human papilloma virus vaccine being the most affected. Health misinformation related to diets or pro-eating disorder arguments were moderate in comparison to the aforementioned topics (36%). Studies focused on diseases (ie, noncommunicable diseases and pandemics) also reported moderate misinformation rates (40%), especially in the case of cancer. Finally, the lowest levels of health misinformation were related to medical treatments (30%).
The prevalence of health misinformation was the highest on Twitter and on issues related to smoking products and drugs. However, misinformation on major public health issues, such as vaccines and diseases, was also high. Our study offers a comprehensive characterization of the dominant health misinformation topics and a comprehensive description of their prevalence on different social media platforms, which can guide future studies and help in the development of evidence-based digital policy action plans.
The wildlife trade is a lucrative industry involving thousands of animal and plant species. The increasing use of the internet for both legal and illegal wildlife trade is well documented, but there ...is evidence that trade may be emerging on new online technologies such as social media. Using the orchid trade as a case study, we conducted the first systematic survey of wildlife trade on an international social-media website. We focused on themed forums (groups), where people with similar interests can interact by uploading images or text (posts) that are visible to other group members. We used social-network analysis to examine the ties between 150 of these orchid-themed groups to determine the structure of the network. We found 4 communities of closely linked groups based around shared language. Most trade occurred in a community that consisted of English-speaking and Southeast Asian groups. In addition to the network analysis, we randomly sampled 30 groups from the whole network to assess the prevalence of trade in cultivated and wild plants. Of 55,805 posts recorded over 12 weeks, 8.9% contained plants for sale, and 22-46% of these posts pertained to wild-collected orchids. Although total numbers of posts about trade were relatively small, the large proportion of posts advertising wild orchids for sale supports calls for better monitoring of social media for trade in wild-collected plants. El mercado de vida silvestre es una industria lucrativa que involucra a miles de especies de plantas y animales. El uso creciente del internet para el mercado de vida silvestre, tanto legal como ilegal, está bien documentado, aunque existen evidencias de que el mercado puede estar surgiendo en nuevas tecnologías en línea, como las redes sociales. Con el mercado de orquídeas como estudio de caso, realizamos el primer censo sistemático del mercado de vida silvestre en una red social internacional. Nos enfocamos en foros temáticos (grupos), en los que las personas con intereses similares pueden interactuar subiendo imágenes o textos (publicaciones) que son visibles para otros miembros del grupo. Utilizamos el análisis de redes sociales para examinar las conexiones entre 150 de estos grupos sobre orquídeas y así determinar la estructura de la red. Encontramos cuatro comunidades de grupos cercanamente conectados con base en un idioma compartido. La mayor parte del mercado ocurrió en una comunidad que consistió de grupos angloparlantes del sureste asiático. Además del análisis de redes, muestreamos al azar a 30 grupos de toda la red social para valorar la prevalencia del mercado en las plantas cultivadas y silvestres. De 55, 805 publicaciones registradas a lo largo de doce semanas, 8.9 % contenía plantas en venta, y 22 - 46 % de estas publicaciones eran en respecto a orquídeas colectadas en vida silvestre. Aunque el número total de publicaciones acerca del mercado era relativamente pequeño, la gran proporción de publicaciones anunciando orquídeas silvestres en venta apoya al llamado de un mejor monitoreo de las redes sociales en torno al mercado de plantas colectadas en vida silvestre.
•An SNA based conflict detection and elimination decision making process is presented.•The impact of relationship strength on trust propagation efficiency is considered.•Multi-path trust propagation ...operator is presented to complete the social network.•Nonlinear optimization model guarantees a sufficient reduction of group conflict.•We promote the modification of the assessments by finding the optimal solution.
The paper proposes a Trust Relationship-based Conflict Detection and Elimination decision making (TR-CDE) model, applicable for Large-scale Group Decision Making (LSGDM) problems in social network contexts. The TR-CDE model comprises three processes: a trust propagation process; a conflict detection and elimination process; and a selection process. In the first process, we propose a new relationship strength-based trust propagation operator, which allows to construct a complete social network by considering the impact of relationship strength on propagation efficiency. In the second process, we define the concept of conflict degree and quantify the collective conflict degree by combining the assessment information and trust relationships among decision makers in the large group. We use social network analysis and a nonlinear optimization model to detect and eliminate conflicts among decision makers. By finding the optimal solution to the proposed nonlinear optimization model, we promote the modification of the assessments from the DM who exhibits the highest degree of conflict in the process, as well as guaranteeing that a sufficient reduction of the group conflict degree is achieved. In the third and last process, we propose a new selection method for LSGDM that determines decision makers’ weights based on their conflict degree. A numerical example and a practical scenario are implemented to show the feasibility of the proposed TR-CDE model.
This study investigates how the circular economy and business models are related in the current business and management literature. Based on bibliometric analytical procedures, 253 articles were ...retrieved from the Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect scientific databases. The articles were analyzed according to network analysis principles, and key terms were mapped into a network. We used VOSviewer to build the network, explore the most‐researched terms and their relationships, and identify less‐explored terms and research gaps. We furthermore conducted a qualitative review of selected publications to provide an illustration of quantitative results and delve deeper into the research topics. The main findings revealed the networks of current topics as they appear in the publications such as business models, the circular economy, circular business models, value, supply chain, transition, resource, waste, and reuse, and their most prevalent relationships. The results also highlighted several emerging topics such as those connected with managerial, supply‐side, demand‐side, networking, performance, and contextual considerations of circular business models.
Green space exposure has been inversely associated with blood pressure (BP) levels and hypertension risk. However, empirical evidence on the underlying mechanisms are lacking. This study examined the ...association of green space exposure with BP and hypertension, and assessed the mediating effects by air pollution, mental health, physical activity, and weight status. Survey data from 719 adults, who lived in Guangzhou (China) in 2016, were used. Three area-level green space indicators, including network distance to the nearest park, percentage of green space and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index within a 1 km Euclidean buffer around residence and workplace, were calculated and linked to individual-level BP measurements. Structural equation models were applied to estimate the direct and indirect associations of the various green space indicators on systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and hypertension, respectively. After adjusting for multiple covariates, longer network distance to green space was directly associated with higher SBP. Compared to the reference group (0–500m), the differences were 0.11 mmHg (95% CI = 0.03 to 0.19, P = 0.006) for 500–1000m, 0.03 mmHg (95% CI = −0.05 to 0.12, P = 0.45) for 1000–1500m, and 0.16 mmHg (95% CI = 0.09 to 0.23, P < 0.001) for >1500m, respectively. The overall and direct associations were significant for all three indicators (distance or density) with or without considering workplace exposure. The association between network distance to green and SBP was partially (18.4%, 95% CI = 0–42.1%) mediated by mental health. There was no statistical evidence that air pollution, physical activity, or weight status mediate the association. Secondary analyses for other indicators and other outcomes showed similar results. Both distance to green space and more green space around residence and workplace were associated with lower BP and lower risk of hypertension in adults living in a Chinese metropolitan. Mental health partly mediated the association.
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•Network distance to nearest park is inversely associated with blood pressure (BP).•Higher residential percentage of green space and NDVI are associated with lower BP.•Mental health partly mediates the association of green space with BP.•No evidence for a mediating role of air pollution, physical activity and BMI.•Overall/direct effects are significant with/without considering workplace exposure.
Background
A lack of in utero imaging data hampers our understanding of the connections in the human fetal brain. Generalizing observations from postmortem subjects and premature newborns is ...inaccurate due to technical and biological differences.
Purpose
To evaluate changes in fetal brain structural connectivity between 23 and 35 weeks postconceptional age using a spatiotemporal atlas of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).
Study Type
Retrospective.
Population
Publicly available diffusion atlases, based on 60 healthy women (age 18–45 years) with normal prenatal care, from 23 and 35 weeks of gestation.
Field Strength/Sequence
3.0 Tesla/DTI acquired with diffusion‐weighted echo planar imaging (EPI).
Assessment
We performed whole‐brain fiber tractography from DTI images. The cortical plate of each diffusion atlas was segmented and parcellated into 78 regions derived from the Edinburgh Neonatal Atlas (ENA33). Connectivity matrices were computed, representing normalized fiber connections between nodes. We examined the relationship between global efficiency (GE), local efficiency (LE), small‐worldness (SW), nodal efficiency (NE), and betweenness centrality (BC) with gestational age (GA) and with laterality.
Statistical Tests
Linear regression was used to analyze changes in GE, LE, NE, and BC throughout gestation, and to assess changes in laterality. The t‐tests were used to assess SW. P‐values were corrected using Holm‐Bonferroni method. A corrected P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Network analysis revealed a significant weekly increase in GE (5.83%/week, 95% CI 4.32–7.37), LE (5.43%/week, 95% CI 3.63–7.25), and presence of SW across GA. No significant hemisphere differences were found in GE (P = 0.971) or LE (P = 0.458). Increasing GA was significantly associated with increasing NE in 41 nodes, increasing BC in 3 nodes, and decreasing BC in 2 nodes.
Data Conclusion
Extensive network development and refinement occur in the second and third trimesters, marked by a rapid increase in global integration and local segregation.
Level of Evidence
3
Technical Efficacy
Stage 2
Enhancement of soil fertility and mitigation of atmospheric greenhouse gases are potential benefits of biochar amendments with proximate links to microbiological processes, yet the impact of biochar ...on the soil microbial community is poorly resolved. Here, we assessed changes in bacterial community composition and microbial assemblage patterns with biochar amendment in two soils with contrasting fertility under two cropping systems; perennial grass and annual sweet corn rotation at two time periods. Overall, soil type exerted the greatest effect on the soil microbial community, followed by sampling time and cropping system which exerted a greater effect on the microbial community than biochar treatment. The influence of biochar on community composition was most pronounced in the highly weathered, low fertility Oxisol, than the high fertility Mollisol. We further investigated microbial assemblage architecture using random-matrix theory based molecular ecological network analyses. Microbial assemblage complexity increased with biochar amendment, with the largest impact associated with the Oxisol, accompanied by more negative OTU co-variations, indicating enhanced competition and/or niche partitioning in concert with an increase in the number of putative “keystone species”. Network analysis suggests that biochar addition, especially in the highly weathered, low fertility Oxisol, confers higher-level organization, competition, and complexity to the soil microbiome that may result in higher resistance to change due to environmental perturbation and thereby increase system sustainability.
•The influence of biochar amendment on the soil community is dependent on soil type.•Soil bacterial communities are most responsive to biochar in Oxisol soils.•Biochar increases complexity of microbial networks in Oxisol soils.•Biochar increases microbial community resistance to environmental perturbations.
This paper conducts a bibliometric analysis of servitization and PSS by examining 690 selected papers from Web of Science database. Knowledge mapping techniques including collaboration analysis, ...co-citation analysis and keywords co-occurrence analysis methods are adopted in the bibliometric analysis. Our findings show that China and England are the top two countries publishing more papers, and Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and Denmark keep tight collaboration relationships with other regions. We also find that some active researchers play critical roles as interfaces to connect different research groups in the servitization and PSS fields. Some authors of highly cited papers in earlier years gradually turned to other research directions. In addition, ‘Digital PSS and servitization’, and ‘territorial servitization’ are found to be emerging trends in recent years. Although the earlier sustainability topics in the servitization field are more associated with eco-design and lifecycle extension, they gradually shift to sustainable business models in recent years. Compared with most of the literature reviews in the field, this study provides insights by revealing the distribution structure of literature, the collaboration relationship and the dynamic change of research trends with a transparent, repeatable and objective procedure.
•The trend of interdisciplinary fusion in the field of servitization and PSS is revealed.•China and England are the top two countries publishing the most servitization papers.•Digital PSS and servitization, territorial servitization are two main emerging trends.•Sustainability-related topics are shifting from eco-design to sustainable business models.
The carbon emissions of multinational enterprises (MNEs) through FDI are causing a shift in the emissions burden and threatening mitigation targets. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ...effects of the FDI stock, greenfield FDI, and M&As on carbon emissions of MNEs from 2005 to 2016 via quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) network analysis. Through QAP network analysis, we study the FDI-carbon emissions linkage considering the interactions among agents. The results show that the “high-income region to low-income region” mode is gradually becoming the driving force in the global carbon flow, producing lots of carbon emissions with a lower investment. The investments in this mode are dirtier. Second, financial institutions have become the key emitters of global carbon emissions through FDI. This investment model makes global carbon transfer indirect and concealed. Third, the significance of the impacts of the three forms of FDI on the carbon emissions of MNEs is positive, which confirms the pollution haven effect. The greatest contributor is the FDI stock, which comes from historical investments in high-income regions. Greenfield FDI is more influential than M&As in both high- and low-income regions. This paper is a valuable reference for understanding the environmental effects of FDI.
•We distinguish the effects of differentiated forms of FDI on the carbon emissions of MNEs.•By QAP network analysis, the FDI-carbon emissions relationship is explored in a “relation system”.•Financial institutions become the key emitters of global carbon transfer through FDI.•The pollution haven effect is been identified during the global carbon transfer led by MNEs.•FDI stock is the largest contributor to carbon emissions of MNEs.
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