Abstract
A new radar-based rainfall product has been developed at Météo-France and is currently being deployed within the French operational Application Radar à la Météorologie Infra-Synoptique ...(ARAMIS) radar network. The rainfall product is based entirely on radar data and comprises the following successive processing steps: 1) dynamic identification of ground clutter based on the pulse-to-pulse fluctuation of the radar signal, 2) reflectivity-to-rain-rate conversion using the Marshall–Palmer Z–R relationship, 3) correction for partial beam blocking using numerical simulations of the interaction between the radar wave and the terrain, 4) correction for vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) effects based on ratio curves and a priori climatology-based VPR candidates, 5) correction for nonsimultaneity of radar measurements by making use of a cross-correlation advection field, 6) weighted linear combination of the corrected reflectivity measurements gathered at the various elevation angles of the volume coverage pattern, and 7) production of a 5-min rain accumulation using the advection field to mitigate undersampling effects. In addition to the final Cartesian, 512 km × 512 km, 1 km2 in resolution, radar rainfall product, a map of quality indexes is automatically generated that allows for assessing empirically the accuracy of the estimation. This new product has been validated using 27 episodes observed during the autumns of 2002 and 2003 and the winter of 2005 by three S-band radars of the network. This paper is entirely devoted to the description of the methodology.
More and more cities declare themselves to be a smart city or plan to be the same. Smart cities require a solid data source as basis for all further actions and the urban digital twin is the basis on ...which all information is collected and analysed. The urban digital twin is much more than just a 3D city model, but often this together with GIS data is the starting point for the urban digital twin. The basis of the urban digital twin is formed by geospatial data in the form of the geospatial digital twin. The digital twin hereby acts as a kind of hub into which all relevant and available information is included and analysed. To generate a geospatial digital twin aerial sensors that collect multiple data simultaneously, hybrid sensors, are perfectly suited for this task. In aerial data acquisition a new era started with the introduction of the first real hybrid sensor systems, like the Leica CityMapper-2. Hybrid in this context means the combination of an (oblique) camera system with a topographic LiDAR into an integrated aerial mapping system. By combining these complimentary sub-systems into one system the weaknesses of the one system could be compensated by using the alternative data source. An example is the mapping of low-light urban canyons, where image-based systems mostly produce unreliable results. For an LiDAR sensor the geometrical reconstruction of these areas is straight forward and leads to accurate results. The paper gives a detailed overview over the development and technical characteristics of hybrid sensor systems. The process of data acquisition is discussed and strategies for hybrid urban mapping are proposed. Furthermore, the paper provides insights into the advantage of LiDAR data for the 3D Mesh generation for urban modelling and on the possibilities to generate new products from the combination of the single products with the help of GeoAI. Finally, the use and some use cases of the hybrid sensor data and the derived products in the context of the urban digital twin is discussed and with the infinite loop of data, analysis, and action it is shown, that all data from the urban digital twin can only be a snapshot at a given point in time and the data recording and analysis is a permanent loop.
► Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino (GP) is a botanical widely used in tea and food. ► Chemical composition and biological effects of GP from different genotypes were investigated. ► Diploid leaf ...samples had highest levels of phenolics and flavonoids; tetraploid had highest amount of saponins. ► Diploid leaf extracts had strongest inhibition on inflammation and HT-29 proliferation. ► These GP extracts had different order of antiproliferative properties in the LNCaP cells.
Leaf and whole-plant samples of the diploid and tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) were investigated and compared for their chemical compositions, and their potential anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. The highest levels of total flavonoids and phenolics were observed in the diploid leaf botanical (2L3) at 36.84mg rutin equiv/g and 41.15mg gallic acid equiv/g, respectively. The diploid leaf sample (2L2) had the highest amount of rutin and quercetin contents of 77.7μmol quercetin equiv/g. The tetraploid whole-plant botanical (4L3) had the highest total saponin content of 227.1mg gypenoside equiv/g. Extracts from all tested GP samples showed time- and dose-dependent antiproliferative effects in HT-29 cells, and the diploid leaf samples had the overall highest inhibitory activity. These extracts had different order of antiproliferative properties in the LNCaP cells, suggesting the potential selective inhibition of GP extracts against different types of cancer cells and the effect of the cell model in screening and evaluation of antiproliferative components. In addition, the diploid leaf extracts showed the strongest inhibitory effects on the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2 mRNA at final concentrations of 0.2 and 1mg botanical equiv/ml media. The results from this study will be used to develop new nutraceutical products from G. pentaphyllum.
A slow-release formula of potential biological pesticide Pyoluteorin (Plt) was prepared by using nanophase material of silicon dioxide loading drugs. The final experimental formula was ...m(Plt:Brij56:TMOS:HCl(aq)) = 0.04:1.4:2:1, synthesized by a highly ordered monolith (HOM) method. This formula can continuously release 85.13 ± 2.03 % of Plt within 28 days. A characterization study showed the formula formed a well-ordered mesoporous structure, with a surface area of 822 m2 g−1, with a measured mesoporous volume of 0.41 cm3 g−1 and a narrow distribution for the pore size centered at 2.4 nm. A bioactivity experiment showed it authentically prolonged the antifungal effects. This study is the first to report mesoporous formulations for biological pesticides and indicates a potentially interesting drug carrier. The association of a nanostructured silica to the molecular state of the drug holds great interests for field applications as it overcomes the rapid loss of biological function during drug utilities.
While many organizations see the value of creating a just culture they struggle when it comes to developing it. In this Second Edition, Dekker expands his views, additionally tackling the key issue ...of how justice is created inside organizations. Dekker also introduces new material on ethics and on caring for the’ second victim’ (the professional at the centre of the incident). Consequently, we have a natural evolution of the author’s ideas.
Paeonia ludlowii
(PL) and oil-producing peony (OP) are unique peony species in China. Due to the high content of unsaturated fatty acids in PL seeds, it can be used as a new resource for OP. In this ...study, 137 compounds were identified in PL seeds in qualitative analysis by UPLC-Q-TOF–MS/MS, including flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acid esters, phenolic acids, etc. Except for 5 fatty acids, the other components were first reported in the literature of PL. There were 26 components exist only in seed kernel, 21 components exist only in seed coat, and 90 components exist both in seed kernel and coat. 35 of 61 differential components were first reported in the peony literature, and these components were identified in the chemical difference analysis between seed kernel and coat of PL, seed kernel of PL and OP, and seed coat of PL and OP. Quantitative analysis manifested that the weight of palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid accounted for 60.7% in the seed kernel of PL, while the average content in that of OP was 46.7%. Among them, the content of linolenic acid was about 3 times higher. This study further clarified the material basis of PL seeds, and also analyzed the chemical differences between the seeds of PL and OP. It was confirmed from the chemical level that the seed oil in PL was better than that in OP. The results of this study laid a solid foundation for the subsequent development of new products of PL.
This paper looks at the effectiveness of R&D grants for Canadian plants that already benefit from R&D tax credits. Using a non-parametric matching estimator and data from the 2005 Survey of ...Innovation from Statistics Canada, we find that firms that benefited from both policy measures introduced more new products than their counterparts that only benefited from R&D tax incentives. They also made more world-first product innovations and were more successful in commercializing their innovations. The paper gives also a detailed step-by-step explanation of how to apply the non-parametric matching technique. /// Cette étude examine l'efficacité des subventions à la recherche-développement pour les établissements canadiens qui bénéficient déjà de crédits d'impôt à la recherche. En utilisant un estimateur non-paramétrique d'appariement, nous trouvons que les établissements qui bénéficient des deux mesures de soutien à la recherche introduisent plus de nouveaux produits sur le marché que celles qui ne bénéficient que des crédits d'impôt. Elles réussissent aussi à mettre plus de premières mondiales sur le marché et à mieux commercialiser leurs nouveaux produits. Nous exposons aussi en détail les étapes à suivre pour une estimation non-paramétrique d'appariement.
The chemical modification of protein by nonenzymatic browning or Maillard reactions increases with age and in disease. Maillard products are formed by reactions of both carbohydrate- and ...lipid-derived intermediates with proteins, leading to formation of advanced glycation and lipoxidation end-products (AGE/ALEs). These modifications and other oxidative modifications of amino acids increase together in proteins and are indicators of tissue aging and pathology. In this review, we describe the major pathways and characteristic products of chemical modification of proteins by carbohydrates and lipids during the Maillard reactions and identify major intersections between these pathways. We also describe a new class of intracellular sulfhydryl modifications, Cys-AGE/ALEs, that may play an important role in regulatory biology and represent a primitive link between nonenzymatic and enzymatic chemistry in biological systems.
The New AFRGDB_V2.2 Gravity Database for Africa Abd-Elmotaal, Hussein A.; Kühtreiber, Norbert; Seitz, Kurt ...
Pure and applied geophysics,
09/2020, Letnik:
177, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The primary task of the IAG Sub-Commission on Gravity and Geoid in Africa is the development of the vertical reference surface (the geoid) for the entire African continent. For the practical solution ...of this boundary value problem, the available, arbitrarily distributed boundary data (gravity values) must be interpolated onto a regular grid for numerical reasons. In this paper it is explained in detail how to create this grid from the irregularly distributed point-gravity data. It is worth mentioning that this gravity database is not only used for geoid computation; it is also a stand-alone product used in earth sciences, as it reflects interesting geophysical signals. The gravity data available in this project are land and shipborne point gravity values as well as altimetry-derived gravity anomaly data. One challenge of preparing the homogeneous grid of gravity anomalies is caused by the inhomogeneous distribution of the observations and a lot of data gaps, especially on land. At these data gaps, gravity anomalies are provided on a so-called underlying grid from the GOCE DIR_R5 global reference model. One challenge in the framework of the least-squares prediction technique used is the determination of an empirical covariance function representing the behaviour of the irregularly distributed data points and the individual weights of the land, shipborne, and altimetry data and the underlying grid entering the process. A sophisticated filtering of the available gravity data is carried out to meet this challenge. The preprocessed data from the remove step are predicted to an equiangular
5
′
×
5
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grid. Finally, a consistent restore step leads to the AFRGDB_V2.2 gravity database. The precision of the developed gravity database has been studied to assess the quality of the new product. The new AFRGDB_V2.2 gravity database is compared to the preceding one (AFRGDB_V2.0), which was generated using the window remove-restore technique.
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