On 27 June 2006 the Council of the European Union reached political agreement on a draft directive on the assessment and management of flood risks. This directive prescribes approaches and procedures ...which should be met by the member states. The website of the EU on this directive links to another EU-initiative, the Integrated Project FLOODsite, which aims at providing methodologies for flood risk analysis and management. Obviously, the directive and the IP emerged in a common but much larger context of public and scientific debate on a more integrated and coordinated approach to dealing with flood risks. In this paper we briefly discuss this context and examine a few national cases in order to find out whether flood risk management is already common practice or is still in its infancy, or whether it involves merely good intentions. We base this examination primarily on our experiences within FLOODsite and on presentations held within the special session on River Flood Risk Management which was organised by The Netherlands Centre for River Studies (NCR) during the ISDF3 conference in May 2005. This paper goes into the similarities and differences between some national approaches and tries to place them in a cultural context. It appears that the seemingly most sophisticated management policies do not automatically imply the most comprehensive flood risk management approach. But the intention to evolve from flood management into flood risk management is evident and promising.
The general purpose of this review paper is to provide an overview of various flood protection strategies because flooding is becoming more frequent and is affecting more areas, displacing people, ...and increasing fatalities around the world. The concern surrounding climate change resulting in sea level rise, increasingly frequent storm events, and the need for adaptive actions to better control urban storm water runoff motivates the completion of this paper. Understanding the impact of climate change aside from dangerous weather conditions essential for designing effective mitigation strategies, but first, there needs to be a clear and strong understanding of the effects of extreme events. This review represents engineered storm water practices that are adaptive, in combination with the non-structural measures such as urban planning, will help reduce flood impact.
In the first part of the paper are making a geomorphologic description of the catchment area and the flash floods taken into account. All these events show the vulnerability of the catchment area ...studied to hydro morphological and geomorphologic hazards, fact that draws attention to their management by a new approach, namely of the flood risk management.
Flash floods produced in June 2006 in catchment area Ilisua had a rain genesis, with values between 28 l/m2 in the low area, respectively 53 l/m2 in high areas of basin areas. Low surface of the superior catchment area has determined quick concentration of the water toward the main collectors and formation by flood, phenomenon facilitated and by the fragmentation relatively high of relief, thus ensuring a contribution hydrological important. Floods formatted in superior river basin of Ilisua River, have determined in addition by the erosion effect, entrapment and redistribution of a huge volume of silt. At the end of the paper, by applying the current concepts of the effect reduction in impact with environmental, is proposed the series of structural and non-structural measures for reducing flood intensity.
In recent years, disasters caused by flash floods with many casualties have occurred frequently in China. In order to effectively prevent flash flood disasters, the State Council approved the ...National Flash Flood Control Planning (NFFCP) in 2006. In this planning, non-structural measures are recommended as the first step to be adopted in the prevention of flash floods, debris flow and landslide disasters caused by heavy rainfall. In order to effectively build up a comprehensive non-structural measure system for flash flood disaster prevention, the Ministry of Water Resources has asked the local authorities to conduct studies in 103 pilot counties aiming to explore practical schemes. Based on the experience from these pilot counties, the construction of non-structural measures on flash flood disaster prevention for 1836 counties was officially initiated in 2010. The contents of non-structural measures for flash flood disaster prevention at county level include eight aspects. This paper will systematically illustrate the main contents of this national project for the construction of non-structural measures for flash flood disaster prevention in China. This work could provide a reference for other countries and regions in terms of flash flood prevention.
The importance of implementing an integrated basin‐based wastewater management dealing with water pollution for the Upper Citarum River (UCR) Basin, Indonesia, has implications for the Saguling ...Reservoir, which was investigated in this study. This study incorporates a comparative assessment of stage‐type models in other systems as a reference, focusing on the impacts of combined measures on pollutant load reduction. Analysis of pollutant loads from various sectors was initially addressed to identify major contributors to the pollutant load in the basin and the Saguling Reservoir. Focus on initial improvement of selected pollutant targets by applying such an integrated approach with respect to domestic waste water was subsequently addressed. In elaborating a comparative assessment, case studies of Japanese‐ and Thai‐type models were analysed from a technological perspective. This aspect addressed the pollutant load reduction by comparing the input–output of treatment systems in both models. The result suggests that, in the case of a high reliability of both structural and non‐structural measures, an independent one‐stage measure could be sufficient to achieve a certain target of pollutant load reduction, as exhibited by the Japanese case study. On the other hand, when both measures are still limited and have relatively lower performance, a two‐stage measure is required. Accordingly, a two‐stage collaboration among limited treatment measures could be a ‘lesson learned’ for the UCR Basin. Nevertheless, incorporation of other aspects, such as a dual‐support of socio‐economic framework, also is required to endorse this technological aspect. Further integration requires future investigation.
In many tropical island settings in the world and as a result of human activities and tropical weather conditions, urban areas have been vulnerable to special kinds of hazards. The most common and ...the most widely experienced hazard events for these localities are tropical cyclones and accompanying storm surges, flash floods and landslides. Such events can cause serious damages to the drainage systems, roads, properties, receiving environment and even the loss of human lives. Given the threats of climate change, such natural disasters are likely to strengthen this trend in the coming years. In many situations, it is the population living in low-lying urban areas that are most exposed to these disasters. From this, it follows that the scientific and professional communities have a responsibility to evolve better stormwater management approaches directed to minimizing hazard risks owing to urban flooding, even while addressing different climatic conditions. Although, the physics, chemistry and biology of processes related to water are universal, some of the processes and implementation of measures to manage water vary in terms of the climate conditions, geographical location, availability of resources and local culture. In tropical island conditions, where flash floods occur frequently, alongside the obvious structural measures, effective non-structural measures, such as better hazard mitigation and prevention, improved preparedness and introduction of warning systems, well organised pre-emptive action and emergency response activities, have to be coupled together in order to minimize damages. Furthermore, as the management of urban flooding is an emerging subject, it is necessary to understand that such a topic needs to be treated holistically, and so in a multi-disciplinary manner. This implies that the public, town planners, economists, lawyers, emergency services, and many other groups need to be involved, along with the engineers, surveyors and contractors, in developing strategic plans for hazard reduction, operational management and post-event recovery. Thus the stakeholders have to be involved in the decision-making processes (e.g., Abbot 2007, available at
www.eiil.net
). The present paper describes an integrated stormwater management approach oriented towards the small islands in tropical climates which continuously tend to suffer from flash floods. The approach outlined here draws on the work experiences gained in the Caribbean.
Global Climate changes and greenhouse effect lead to an important issue on water management. However, previous studies focused on structural mitigation ways to solve the flood issue, leaving ...improvement on water management behind. This article attempts to deal with the issue of water management in non-structural mitigation way. As reviewing previous spatial planning method, this article seeks to sort out measures in water management. By choosing Kaohsiung new town as study area, the result indicates some measures can be intergraded into nowadays urban planning systems.
In Eastern Romania there are conditions for flash floods occurrence like the intensity and duration of rainfall, the topography, soil condition, coverage of the terrain, especially in small ungauged ...basins with no functional hydrotechnical and land reclamation works. When proposing mitigation measures it must be taken into account the unforeseeability of the place, local scale of the event, and particularly the violence of the phenomenon, as well as the very short response time and the great threat to human lives. The costs are a very important and sensitive aspect taking into account that the case study covers a poor Romanian area. Therefore non-structural measures could be more appropriate and feasible than the structural ones. The paper is focused on identifying the most easily and efficiently mitigation measures to be implemented based on flash flood hydrological modelling for Pojoratan subbasin. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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