"Occupations are central to the stratification systems of industrial countries, but they have played little role in empirical attempts to explain the well-documented increase in wage inequality that ...occurred in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s. We address this deficiency by assessing occupation-level effects on wage inequality using data from the Current Population Survey for 1983 through 2008. We model the mean and variance of wages for each occupation, controlling for education and demographic factors at the individual level to test three competing explanations for the increase in wage inequality: (1) the growth of between-occupation polarization, (2) changes in education and labor force composition, and (3) residual inequality unaccounted for by occupations and demographic characteristics. After correcting for a problem with imputed data that biased Kim and Sakamoto's (2008) results, we find that between-occupation changes explain 66 percent of the increase in wage inequality from 1992 to 2008, although 23 percent of this is due to the switch to the 2000 occupation codes in 2003. Sensitivity analysis reveals that 18 percent of the increase in inequality from 1983 to 2002 is due to changes in just three occupations: managers 'not elsewhere classified,' secretaries, and computer systems analysts." Die Untersuchung enthält quantitative Daten. Forschungsmethode: empirisch-quantitativ; empirisch; Sekundäranalyse. Die Untersuchung bezieht sich auf den Zeitraum 1983 bis 2008. (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku).
Current models of the peopling of the higher-elevation zones of the Tibetan Plateau postulate that permanent occupation could only have been facilitated by an agricultural lifeway at ~3.6 thousand ...calibrated carbon-14 years before present. Here we report a reanalysis of the chronology of the Chusang site, located on the central Tibetan Plateau at an elevation of ~4270 meters above sea level. The minimum age of the site is fixed at ~7.4 thousand years (thorium-230/uranium dating), with a maximum age between ~8.20 and 12.67 thousand calibrated carbon-14 years before present (carbon-14 assays). Travel cost modeling and archaeological data suggest that the site was part of an annual, permanent, preagricultural occupation of the central plateau. These findings challenge current models of the occupation of the Tibetan Plateau.
In diesem Open-Access-Buch stehen Software und ihre Rolle für das Soziale im Mittelpunkt. Die Arbeit stellt Grundprobleme und Lösungsansätze einer Soziologie der Software vor und skizziert damit eine ...soziologische Perspektive auf einen Forschungsgegenstand, der für das Verständnis digitalisierter Gesellschaften zentral ist. Dafür werden organisations- und techniksoziologische Forschungsergebnisse zum Thema Software mit Erkenntnissen aus den Science and Technology Studies und der Forschung zu Computer Supported Cooperative Work zusammengeführt. Die Autorin entwickelt auf dieser Basis einen Forschungsrahmen, in dem Software gleichzeitig als Werkzeug für und als Resultat von Versuchen betrachtet wird, Kontrolle über das Soziale und seine Unsicherheiten auszuüben. Anhand einer Fallstudie zum Einsatz der weit verbreiteten Standardsoftware SAP für die Planung von Operationen wird vorgeführt, wie Software die Machtspiele in Organisationen beeinflusst und von Einzelnen strategisch genutzt wird, um individuelle Ziele zu erreichen. Es zeigt sich, dass Software ein Machtinstrument ist, das nicht nur von der Organisationsleitung, sondern auch gegen sie eingesetzt werden kann. Dabei wird verständlich, warum Software in Organisationen selten nur das verändert, was bei ihrer Einführung beabsichtigt war.
Martin Weißmann legt in diesem Open-Access-Buch theoretische Synthesen zu zentralen Themen der interdisziplinären Polizeiforschung vor und leistet damit einen Beitrag zur Integration dieser ansonsten ...oft empiristischen Forschung in die stärker theorieorientierte Soziologie. Er schlägt vor, (Kriminal-)Polizeien als Fall misstrauischer Sozialsysteme zu analysieren. Wie beispielsweise auch Geheimdienste oder der Investigativjournalismus sind sie auf die Gewinnung von Informationen über eine Umwelt spezialisiert, welche dies durch Prozesse des Verbergens und Täuschens erschwert. Empirisch behandelt das Buch zunächst die (Vor-)Geschichte polizeilicher Ermittlungsarbeit in Europa als Fall der Ausdifferenzierung, Professionalisierung und Organisationswerdung sozialer Kontrolle (untersucht an den Fällen Englands im 18. Jahrhundert sowie der Kriminalpolizeien in Paris um 1820 und Berlin um 1920). Die anschließenden Kapitel widmen sich der Arbeit von Polizisten mit Informanten und an Beschuldigten (in der Vernehmung) als Fall des Kontakts einer organisationalen Grenzrolle mit formal nicht zur Kooperation verpflichteten Nichtmitgliedern der Organisation. Und schließlich analysiert der Autor den polizeilichen Korpsgeist als Fall einer kollegialen Versicherungsgemeinschaft gegen die individuelle Verantwortlichkeit für Fehler bei der Arbeit.
Davis
(Research Articles, 30 August 2019, p. 891) report human occupation at Cooper's Ferry, Idaho, USA, ~16,000 years ago, well before Greenland Interstadial 1 (GI-1). Critical review suggests that ...this early date is not supported by the evidence. Human occupation might have begun in the mid-16th millennium before the present, but would have been more likely after ~15,000 years ago, coeval with GI-1.
Two goals of summative assessment in health profession education programs are to ensure the robustness of high stakes decisions such as progression and licensing, and predict future performance. This ...systematic and critical review aims to investigate the ability of specific modes of summative assessment to predict the clinical performance of health profession education students.
PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, ERIC and EMBASE databases were searched using key terms with articles collected subjected to dedicated inclusion criteria. Rigorous exclusion criteria were applied to ensure a consistent interpretation of 'summative assessment' and 'clinical performance'. Data were extracted using a pre-determined format and papers were critically appraised by two independent reviewers using a modified Downs and Black checklist with level of agreement between reviewers determined through a Kappa analysis.
Of the 4783 studies retrieved from the search strategy, 18 studies were included in the final review. Twelve were from the medical profession and there was one from each of physiotherapy, pharmacy, dietetics, speech pathology, dentistry and dental hygiene. Objective Structured Clinical Examinations featured in 15 papers, written assessments in four and problem based learning evaluations, case based learning evaluations and student portfolios each featured in one paper. Sixteen different measures of clinical performance were used. Two papers were identified as 'poor' quality and the remainder categorised as 'fair' with an almost perfect (k = 0.852) level of agreement between raters. Objective Structured Clinical Examination scores accounted for 1.4-39.7% of the variance in student performance; multiple choice/extended matching questions and short answer written examinations accounted for 3.2-29.2%; problem based or case based learning evaluations accounted for 4.4-16.6%; and student portfolios accounted for 12.1%.
Objective structured clinical examinations and written examinations consisting of multiple choice/extended matching questions and short answer questions do have significant relationships with the clinical performance of health professional students. However, caution should be applied if using these assessments as predictive measures for clinical performance due to a small body of evidence and large variations in the predictive strength of the relationships identified. Based on the current evidence, the Objective Structured Clinical Examination may be the most appropriate summative assessment for educators to use to identify students that may be at risk of poor performance in a clinical workplace environment. Further research on this topic is needed to improve the strength of the predictive relationship.
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