The present study aimed to clarify the prevalence and risk factors of insomnia among public school teachers in Japan by examining the relationships between working hours, commuting time, and ...insomnia. Time spent on work activities among teachers with insomnia was also investigated.
This study was a secondary analysis of data obtained in a 2016 survey of working conditions among public elementary/junior high school teachers in Japan. A total of 11,390 teachers (women: 47.4%, average age: 42.2 ± 11.3 years) were selected for analysis. The relationships between working hours, commuting time, and insomnia were evaluated using a binomial logistic regression model. The primary outcome was insomnia, defined by a score of ≥6 on the Athens Insomnia Scale. Explanatory factors were working hours/week, commuting time/day, six subscales of occupational stress, age group, presence of children, type of job, type of the school, and the urbanicity of the school.
In total, 41.7% of men and 44.0% of women were classified into the insomnia group. The insomnia group spent more time preparing for lectures, and a significant association was observed between insomnia and long working hours and commuting time. Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that long working hours, long commuting time, and urbanicity of the school were statistically significantly associated with insomnia.
Insomnia is common among public school teachers in Japan. Our findings suggest the importance of reducing the time spent on working to prevent insomnia.
•Nationally representative public school teachers (11,390, 47.4% women) were analyzed.•The prevalence of insomnia is higher than 40% among public school teachers in Japan.•Public school teachers with insomnia devote about 13 h/day to working and commuting.•Long working and commuting times are a potential risk factor for insomnia.•Working for a school in the 23 wards of Tokyo was associated with insomnia.
Previous studies have defined "workaholic" effort as "bad effort" while work engagement is defined as "good effort." Active overtime is a mapping of work effort, but at this stage there is still ...relatively little exploration of the motivation behind "good effort" in the Chinese context.
This study explores the reasons that promote employees' initiative to perform overtime work in Chinese enterprises based on the two-factor theory. The study mainly used data empirical research approaches, including exploratory factor analysis, validation factor analysis, and data modeling. The questionnaire scale was developed based on factors that have been proven to be of high reliability and validity. The data are mainly for employees who are currently employed in Chinese companies.
We received a total of 1741 valid questionnaires, which provided a good database for this study. The results of the study show that both motivational and hygiene factors can positively promote employees' motivation to intentionally work overtime to a certain extent. Among them, overtime culture, institutional agreement, good physical office environment, career growth, financial rewards, and work challenges can positively promote motivation to work overtime. Work stress can increase the frequency and intensity of overtime work, but negatively promote motivation to work overtime. The study helps to improve enterprise management, optimize work design, and enhance psychological satisfaction.
Despite the recent and sharp rise in psychedelic research, few studies have investigated how classic psychedelic use relates to employees' work-related outcomes. This is surprising given that the ...increased use, decriminalization, and legalization of classic psychedelics in the United States (U.S.) has the potential to impact both employees and their organizations. Addressing this gap, the current study explores how employees' lifetime psilocybin use relates to the amount of overtime they work, thereby offering insight into what current trends in psilocybin use could mean for businesses. Using pooled, cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2014) on 217,963 adults employed in the U.S. full-time, this study tests whether lifetime psilocybin use is associated with employees' number of overtime hours worked in the past week. After adjusting for sociodemographics and other substance use, a significant negative association is found between employees' lifetime psilocybin use and the amount of overtime they reported working. Specifically, the findings suggest that lifetime psilocybin use in the U.S. full-time working population is associated with an estimated 44,348,400 fewer overtime hours worked per year and may help explain recent findings linking employees' lifetime psilocybin use to a reduction in sick leave taken.
•We examined the association between working hours and the onset of suicidal ideation among female workers in Korea.•Those working ≥55 h per week had a 1.7-fold increased risk of developing suicidal ...ideation than those 35–40 h per week.•A pronounced association was observed among individuals with low-income levels or those employed in blue-collar jobs.•Our findings suggest that policy efforts are required to promote the mental health of workers exposed to long working hours.
Long working hours and overwork have recently emerged as pressing public health concerns. We explored the association between long working hours and suicidal ideation in female workers. A total of 8017 women (24,331 observations) from the fourth to eighth waves of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (2012–2020) were analyzed. To address the repeated measurements within each participant, we employed a generalized estimating equation to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 1.9% for those working 35–40 h/week and 4.4% for those working ≥55 h/week. Compared to individuals working 35–40 h/week, those working ≥55 h/week were more likely to experience concurrent suicidal ideation (OR 95% CI:1.85 1.43–2.39). The OR (95% CI) of the association between long working hours and onset of suicidal ideation in the subsequent wave was 1.69 (1.20–2.38) for ≥55 h/week. In subgroup analysis, this association was pronounced among workers with low-income levels (OR 95% CI: 1.97 1.29–3.02) and blue-collar occupations (OR 95% CI: 2.27 1.41–3.66). Policy efforts are required to protect the mental health of female workers exposed to long working hours.
Summary
Overtime work has been blamed for the deterioration of employee satisfaction and productivity. However, the organization‐level implications of overtime work as a normative expectation remain ...unclear. In this study, such effects were analyzed through human capital theory and a causal attribution approach. Various organizational outcomes and boundary conditions were explored in explaining these implications. The analysis of time lagged data from 273 firms affirmed that a firm's overtime level was related negatively to employee satisfaction. However, it was positively related to the firm's productivity and curvilinearly (inverted U‐shaped) related to innovation. The effects of the firm's overtime level on firm productivity and innovation were also moderated by organizational trust. This study highlights the costs and benefits of overtime work as tools for utilizing human capital and reveals the critical contingency of organizational trust that enables firms to attenuate the costs of the overtime level and accentuate its potential benefits.
This study examines the effects of short sleep duration (SSD) on hemodynamic and psychological responses under long working hours (LWH) in a laboratory experiment. Sixteen subjects participated in a ...crossover design experiment consisting of two conditions: normal (7-hours) sleep and short (5-hours) sleep. In each condition, participants engaged in simulated LWH (13 hours a day), comprising 12 task sessions. Hemodynamic and psychological responses were measured in each session. Results showed that there were significant main effects of condition and session but no interaction for hemodynamic and psychological responses. Systolic blood pressure and fatigue were higher in the later sessions than the first one. Stroke volume, sleepiness, fatigue, and stress were higher in the 5-hour than the 7-hour sleep condition (all p<0.05). These results suggest that although the combined effect of LWH and SSD was not significant, both LWH and SSD caused a hemodynamic and psychological burden.
Healthcare organizations often have to provide patient care around the clock. Shift work (any shift outside of 7 a.m. to 6 p.m) and long work hours increase the risk for short sleep duration and ...sleep disturbances. Thirty-two percent of healthcare workers report they do not get enough sleep. The purpose of the article is to give an overview of the wide range of risks to nurses, patients, and employers that are linked to shift work, long work hours, and poor sleep from other sources.
Shift work and long work hours increase the risk for reduced performance on the job, obesity, injuries, and a wide range of chronic diseases. In addition, fatigue-related errors could harm patients. Fatigued nurses also endanger others during their commute to and from work.
The key strategy to reduce these risks is making sleep a priority in the employer's systems for organizing work and in the nurse's personal life.
The type of industrial relations and the regulatory framework, especially the level that determines working hours (national / industrial / enterprise) are the constitutive elements that determine the ...working hours regime. The analysis of the regulatory framework is crucial for understanding disparities in the distribution of working time in one country but not without including other social and economic factors that may shape and influence the incidence of work longer than legally prescribed (full) working time. It was found that the form of wage distribution and the amount of overtime premium (and / or the amount of free hours earned) can affect both supply and demand for overtime.
Long working hours are associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This study investigated the relationship between the working hours and dietary qualities and patterns in Korean workers.
...Data from 24,523 workers were extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2021. The Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI), which ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating greater adherence to Korean dietary guidelines and superior dietary quality, was used for dietary assessment. We identified dietary patterns and classified workers using latent profile analysis. Logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Five distinct dietary patterns emerged: healthy diet (24.8%), low-vegetable diet (14.0%), average diet (7.8%), low-fruit diet (31.4%), and poor diet (22.0%). The mean KHEI score was 60.8, with the highest score observed in the healthy diet pattern (71.3) and the lowest, in the poor diet pattern (50.0). Compared with working 35–40 h/week, working ≥55 h/week was negatively associated with KHEI scores (β: -1.08; 95% CI: −1.67, −0.49). Those working ≥55 h/week were less likely to have a healthy diet pattern (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.91) and more likely to have a low-fruit diet (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.55) or poor diet pattern (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.43) compared with those working 35–40 h/week.
Long working hours are associated with undesirable dietary quality and patterns. Policy interventions aimed at enhancing dietary quality are needed to alleviate the health burdens associated with long working hours.
•We explored how working hours are related to dietary quality and patterns in Korean workers.•This study used the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) and latent profile analysis.•Five diet patterns emerged: healthy, low vegetables, average, low fruits, poor diet.•Working ≥55 h/week was associated with decreased KHEI score.•Those working ≥55 h/week were more likely to have poor dietary patterns.
Although long working hours are common in working populations, little is known about the effect of long working hours on mental health.
We examined the association between long working hours and the ...onset of depressive and anxiety symptoms in middle-aged employees. Participants were 2960 full-time employees aged 44 to 66 years (2248 men, 712 women) from the prospective Whitehall II cohort study of British civil servants. Working hours, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and covariates were measured at baseline (1997-1999) followed by two subsequent measurements of depressive and anxiety symptoms (2001 and 2002-2004).
In a prospective analysis of participants with no depressive (n=2549) or anxiety symptoms (n=2618) at baseline, Cox proportional hazard analysis adjusted for baseline covariates showed a 1.66-fold 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-2.61 risk of depressive symptoms and a 1.74-fold (95% CI 1.15-2.61) risk of anxiety symptoms among employees working more than 55 h/week compared with employees working 35-40 h/week. Sex-stratified analysis showed an excess risk of depression and anxiety associated with long working hours among women hazard ratios (HRs) 2.67 (95% CI 1.07-6.68) and 2.84 (95% CI 1.27-6.34) respectively but not men 1.30 (0.77-2.19) and 1.43 (0.89-2.30).
Working long hours is a risk factor for the development of depressive and anxiety symptoms in women.
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