Around 40% of the male workforce regularly works 8 to 9 hours a week of paid overtime. This paper investigates the determinants of overtime hours in Britain over the period 1975-1999. For this ...purpose a panel data Tobit model is estimated using the very large panel of employees from the National Earnings Survey Panel Dataset. The empirical results show that changes in the job-mix across the economy, from high to low overtime jobs rather than within-job changes in the use of overtime, account for most of the apparent decline in the extent of overtime working over the 1990s. Within jobs, the GDP cycle has a significant impact on overtime work, while labour market conditions, represented by the unemployment rate, do not. The elasticity of total working hours with respect to wages is found to be close to zero and with respect to contractual hours close to unity. Furthermore the results show that the decline of unionisation has not altered the use of overtime.
Around 40% of the male workforce regularly works 8 to 9 hours a week of paid overtime. This paper investigates the determinants of overtime hours in Britain over the period 1975-1999. For this ...purpose a panel data Tobit model is estimated using the very large panel of employees from the National Earnings Survey Dataset. The empirical results show that changes in the job-mix across the economy, from high to low overtime jobs rather than within-job changes in the use of overtime, account for most of the apparent decline in the extent of overtime working over the 1990s. Within jobs, the GDP cycle has a significant impact on overtime work, while labour market conditions, represented by the unemployment rate, do not. The elasticity of total working hours with respect to wages is found to be close to zero and with respect to contractual hours close to unity. Furthermore the results show that the decline of unionisation has not altered the use of overtime.
Long and flexible operating hours, and opening and service hours are key indicators of economic performance. Extending operating times and a more flexible organisation of work are important policy ...instruments to improve competitiveness of a single enterprise, a sector or an economy (European Commission, 1995; Betancourt and Clague, 1981; Anxo et al., 1995; Delsen et al., 2007). A prolongation of operating times and opening hours may increase average capital productivity and ultimately increase profitability, reduce unit costs, and generate more jobs and/or higher wages. For these reasons, both governments and companies consider operating hours a strategic goal of macroeconomic policy (European Commission, 1995).
At the macro level, operating hours depend on the openness of the economy, its industrial and sectoral structure, and the size of plants in the country. Also the business cycle situation is of importance. Figure 3.1 shows that among the six EU countries covered by the EUCOWE survey there are considerable differences in the weekly operating hours – defined as the weekly business hours, including preparation times and times for maintenance – ranging from 60.4 hours in Germany to 47.3 hours in Spain. These figures concern the direct measurement of operating hours of establishments. The direct measure is calculated from the answers given by the respondents to the question “How many hours did your establishment operate in a typical week in March or April 2003?”.1
Traditionally, labour supply data do not include much information on hours and wages in secondary job or overtime work. In this paper, we estimate labour supply models based on survey information on ...hours and wages in overtime work and second job which is merged to detailed register information on income taxes, deductions, taxable income etc. We also allow for the effect of observed fixed costs in main occupation and unobserved fixed costs in second job, and a ‘stigmatization effect’ from unemployment. The estimated models follow a ‘Hausman-approach’. The results indicate that the labour supply elasticities are highly sensitive to the inclusion of information on overtime work and secondary job and to the handling of fixed costs of work. The estimated elasticities are numerically larger when explicit information on overtime and second job work is taken into account compared to traditional labour supply models without explicit information on overtime pay and second job wages. However, when the model allows for stigmatization effects and unobserved fixed costs of work in second job, the resulting elasticities reduce considerably.
Traditionally, labour supply data do not include much information on hours and wages in secondary job or overtime work. In this paper, we estimate labour supply models based on survey information on ...hours and wages in overtime work and second job which is merged to detailed register information on income taxes, deductions, taxable income etc. We also allow for the effect of observed fixed costs in main occupation and unobserved fixed costs in second job, and a ‘stigmatization effect’ from unemployment. The estimated models follow a ‘Hausman-approach’. The results indicate that the labour supply elasticities are highly sensitive to the inclusion of information on overtime work and secondary job and to the handling of fixed costs of work. The estimated elasticities are numerically larger when explicit information on overtime and second job work is taken into account compared to traditional labour supply models without explicit information on overtime pay and second job wages. However, when the model allows for stigmatization effects and unobserved fixed costs of work in second job, the resulting elasticities reduce considerably.
A key objective of this report is to contribute toward developing a widely-shared vision for educational development for Madagascar based on a common understanding of the chalenges involved, and the ...part that each participant can play in realizing that vision. The report deals with all the main education sectors (i.e., primary, secondary, vocational/technical, and higher education), but the focus is necessarily limited by the complexity of the subject. In particular, non-formal education has been set aside. Similarly, neither early childhood nor curriculum development, teacher education, and pedagogical methods are addressed here. Rather, the emphasis is on key aspects of education cost and finance, and the link between spending options and educational outcomesA summary of key challenges includes an overall sector stratey of universalizing basic education of a reasonable quality while closely linking expansion of other levels and types of education and training to labor market demand. Further challenges include at the primary level, rationalizing teacher allocation to increase their time utilization; reducing the drop-out rate and grade repitition; and enhancing student learning with teaching materials and improving pedagogical management. At the secondary level, expand enrollment and increase the practice of multi-subject teaching. Reducing the cost of vocational training and improving higher education quality and responsiveness to market demand are other challenges.
A key objective of this report is to contribute toward developing a widely-shared vision for educational development for Madagascar based on a common understanding of the chalenges involved, and the ...part that each participant can play in realizing that vision. The report deals with all the main education sectors (i.e., primary, secondary, vocational/technical, and higher education), but the focus is necessarily limited by the complexity of the subject. In particular, non-formal education has been set aside. Similarly, neither early childhood nor curriculum development, teacher education, and pedagogical methods are addressed here. Rather, the emphasis is on key aspects of education cost and finance, and the link between spending options and educational outcomesA summary of key challenges includes an overall sector stratey of universalizing basic education of a reasonable quality while closely linking expansion of other levels and types of education and training to labor market demand. Further challenges include at the primary level, rationalizing teacher allocation to increase their time utilization; reducing the drop-out rate and grade repitition; and enhancing student learning with teaching materials and improving pedagogical management. At the secondary level, expand enrollment and increase the practice of multi-subject teaching. Reducing the cost of vocational training and improving higher education quality and responsiveness to market demand are other challenges.
We consider a capacity planning problem arising at the packaging stage in many process industries. Termed
economic manpower shift planning with overtime (EMSP-O), it seeks the manpower and overtime ...to be planned at each workday shift so that production targets for all packing lines are met at minimum cost. The problem was previously modelled as an ILP and its solution explored. Here we present a new EMSP-O model that relaxes a restrictive assumption of the original model. We show that the relaxed EMSP-O is NP-hard and focus on the special case where all lines have identical manning. For this case, we establish properties of the optimal solution and show that, with no overtime constraints, an
O(
N
log
N) algorithm can find an optimal solution. With overtime constraints, the algorithm effectively constitutes a heuristic. Computations and comparisons with a commercial optimizer for two- and three-shift problems (as found in practice) were performed. Results demonstrate the algorithm efficiency which, except for very tight overtime constraints, reaches an optimum at high speed.
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