Palm oil is a renewable resource that has the potential to replace fossil fuel and petrochemical for a better sustainable system. However, there is room for improvement in the current operation of ...the palm oil industry to achieve better sustainability development. The industrial revolution toward automation and artificial intelligence (AI) is the new trend known as the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). Unfortunately, the palm oil industry has been moving slowly in this revolution. This paper aims to conduct a detailed review of the current state of the palm oil industry development toward Industry 4.0. A novel Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP) approach is adopted i) to ensure a detailed evaluation of the existing problems, and ii) to identify potential implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies in the palm oil industry. HAZOP is a common approach used in chemical engineering to systematically evaluate process safety and identify the possible improvement of the existing system. The same concept is applied in this paper to investigate the possible adaptation of Industry 4.0 technologies to improve the palm oil industry. Existing Industry 4.0 technologies and features were evaluated to identify feasible adaptation in the industry. The HAZOP review proposed 23 recommendations to improve the palm oil industry with Industry 4.0 technologies to achieve a higher standard in sustainable production. A total of 13 specific Industry 4.0 features were identified as the potential development gaps for palm oil industry stakeholders, which included the adaptation of Internet-of-Things sensors, cloud computing, blockchain, and smart imaging processing technologies.
•Evaluation of limitation and problems of current palm oil industry.•Discussion of adaptation potential of Industry 4.0 in palm oil industry.•HAZOP approach literature review to identify research gaps in palm oil industry.•Potential Industry 4.0 features to be implemented in palm oil industry is proposed.
Palm oil (PO), although subject of controversies, is the most consumed oil and the first source of oil widely produced. In this review, we discussed its biochemical composition in fatty acids, ...carotenoids, vitamin E, its phenolic compounds, and its nutritional benefits. We addressed its biochemical properties in relation with the stereospecific distribution of its unsaturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position in triacylglycerols. PO is one of the most stable oils, which help it prolong food storability mostly due not only to its content of saturated fatty acids, but also to its antioxidant compounds. PO plays an important role in the prevention of many pathologies (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and cancers). It is widely use in nutrition especially in the food industry and in biodiesel industry. Faced with attacks from environmentalists who blame PO for destorying biodiversity, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable PO production plan. Compliance with sustainable PO goals would help ease those controversies. The use and consumption of PO in normal or moderate amounts in a varied, balanced and adequate diet does not present any known health risk. Education campaigns on the nutritional benefits of PO should be promoted.
•Palm oil has a biochemical particularity due to its richness in palmitic acid.•Unsaturation at sn-2 of palm oil make her behave like monounsaturated oils.•Palm oil does not increase blood cholesterol levels compared to olive and peanut.•Like all vegetable oil, it doesn’t contain cholesterol and is rich in antioxidants.•Palm oil antioxidant plays important role in the prevention of many diseases.
Nano cellulose is attracting great interest in food and nutraceutical fields and also provides a potential additive to develop functional meat products such as low fat sausage. Here, we compared 1 ...wt% aqueous dispersion of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and its palm oil Pickering emulsion (CPOE) at the ratio of 1:1 (water: oil, v:v) for being fat alternatives replacing 30% and 50% of the original fat of the emulsified sausage. Replacing fat by CPOE and CNF resulted in lower fat content, lower cooking loss and higher moisture content and higher lightness values (P ≤ 0.05) at both fat levels. Textural analysis indicated that the products formulated with CPOE showed higher hardness, springiness, chewiness and the texture was enhanced by the addition of CNF, especially when 30% fat was substituted. Compared with the full‐fat control, the sausages formulated with CPOE became more elastic and compact, especially by the incorporation of CNF according to the rheology and scanning electron microscope results. The reformulated products with CPOE and CNF at the 30% level showed higher sensory scores (P ≤ 0.05) while at the 50% level produced comparable quality to the control, but no significant differences were found in the overall acceptability. In summary, CNF and its Pickering emulsion provide the potential as potential fat alternatives for developing low fat meat products.
Practical Applications
Cellulose nanofibers present a variety of distinguishing properties, such as large surface area, great stability and high strength. The ability to stabilize emulsions and good biocompatibility enlarge its application in food. In this study, we attempted to use cellulose nanofibers and its palm oil Pickering emulsion as fat substitutes to partly replace the original fat of pork emulsified sausages, hoping to provide some basic information for using cellulose nanofibers and its Pickering emulsion as fat substitute to high fiber, low fat meat products.
This review is aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the physicochemical properties and extraction processes of red palm oil, its nutritional properties and applications in food. Crude palm ...oil is firstly extracted from the fruit mesocarp and processed into red palm oil using pre-treatment of crude palm oil, with deacidification steps, and deodorization via short-path distillation. These processes help to retain β-carotene and vitamin E in red palm oil. Palmitic, stearic and myristic acids are the saturated fatty acids in red palm oil, while the unsaturated fatty acids are oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. It is reported to overcome vitamin A deficiency, promote heart health and have anti-cancer properties.
Of the three generations of biodiesel feedstocks described in this paper, food crops, non-food crops and microalgae-derived biodiesel, it was found that the third generation, microalgae, is the only ...source that can be sustainably developed in the future. Microalgae can be converted directly into energy, such as biodiesel, and therefore appear to be a promising source of renewable energy. This paper presents a comparison between the use of microalgae and palm oil as biodiesel feedstocks. It was found that microalgae are the more sustainable source of biodiesel in terms of food security and environmental impact compared to palm oil. The inefficiency and unsustainability of the use of food crops as a biodiesel source have increased interest in the development of microalgae species to be used as a renewable energy source. In this paper, the main advantages of using microalgae for biodiesel production are described in comparison with other available feedstocks, primarily palm oil.
Palm Oil on the Edge Gesteiro, Eva; Guijarro, Luis; Sánchez-Muniz, Francisco J ...
Nutrients,
08/2019, Letnik:
11, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Internationally recognized Spanish experts in the food industry, nutrition, toxicology, sustainability, and veterinary science met in Madrid on July 2018 to develop a consensus about palm oil (PO) as ...a food ingredient. Their aim was to provide a useful, evidence-based point of reference about PO. Scientific evidence about the role of PO in food safety, nutrition and sustainability was analyzed. Main conclusions were: (1) RSPO foundation responded to the environmental impact of palm crops. The Amsterdam Declaration pursues the use of 100% sustainable PO in Europe by 2020. Awareness about choosing sustainable products will help to maintain local economies and environments in the producing countries; (2) evidence shows that a moderate intake of PO within a healthy diet presents no risks for health. No evidence justifies any change fat intake recommendations; (3) food industry is interested in assuring safe, sustainable and high-quality products. The use of certified sustainable PO is increasing; and (4) there is no evidence associating PO consumption and higher cancer risk, incidence or mortality in humans. Tolerable daily intake (TDI) for toxic contaminants (2-and 3-monochloropropanediols (MCPDs), glycidyl esters (GEs)) have been established by JECFA and EFSA. Consequently, the European Commission has modified the Contaminants Regulation for GEs and it is still working on 3-MCPDs'.
Production of biodiesel from unrefined plant-derived oils has been considerably investigated but, to date, there appears to be a limit by phospholine gums and other contaminants in its conversion to ...biodiesel. The presence of such contaminants increases the melting point of the oils, thereby, making it unfavorable for lipase-catalyzed reactions at mild temperatures. Here, to circumvent this limiting effect, we explore the potential of biodiesel as a replacement for conventional organic solvents in solubilizing gum-formation contaminants in crude palm oil (CPO). A strategy of 1:1 CPO/biodiesel molar amount consolidates degumming and trans/esterification into one-step using immobilized Aspergillus oryzae expressing Fusarium heterosporum lipase. The innocuous biodiesel solvent not only ensured a 98.8 wt% biodiesel yield but also improved the catalytic activity of the whole-cell lipase. This allowed repeated use of the recombinant lipase in nine consecutive batches. At room temperature, biodiesel as a solvent saves on post-separation and reduces environmental footprints of the biodiesel production process.
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•Phospholine gums found in crude vegetable oils increases its melting points•Biodiesel as a green solvent solubilizes phospholine gums in enzymatic transesterification•Biodiesel enhances the catalytic activity of lipases in transesterification•Recombinant Fusarium heterosporum lipase in immobilized form is reusable when biodiesel is used as a solvent
The production of concrete by replacing cement and aggregates with biomass materials is a low-carbon footprint and low-cost approach. In this study, the influences of nano-palm oil fuel ash (NPOFA) ...and palm oil clinker (POC) partially replaced instead of cement (0, 15% and 30%) and coarse aggregate (0, 50%, 100%) into sustainable concrete on workability and compressive strength are investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) methods. The RSM forecasting has presented satisfactory outcomes in optimizing the quantity of POC and NPOFA in the production of concrete with acceptable strength. The peak compressive strength is achieved for the mixture containing 0% POC and 15% NPOFA, and the mixture containing 100% POC and 30% NPOFA has the lowest compressive strength. The optimum condition is successfully predicted using RSM. The use of NPOFA binder enhances the workability and compressive strength of concrete material, in addition to enhancing the sustainability of the concrete industry. Meanwhile, the results of economic and environmental assessments also show that the addition of NPOFA and POC significantly reduces the cost and carbon emissions of concrete, and the effect of NPOFA is even more pronounced. This method might result in the noteworthy consumption of POC and NPOFA in the production of concrete and assist in achieving environmental sustainability by reducing the agricultural and industrial waste by-products.
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•The NPOFA and POC are combined to produce eco-friendly concrete.•RSM is used to optimally design workability and strengths of sustainable concrete.•The economic and environmental benefits of NPOFA and POC modified concrete are assessed.
Many major corporations and countries have made commitments to purchase or produce only “sustainable” palm oil, a commodity responsible for substantial tropical forest loss. Sustainability ...certification is the tool most used to fulfill these procurement policies, and around 20% of global palm oil production was certified by the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) in 2017. However, the effect of certification on deforestation in oil palm plantations remains unclear. Here, we use a comprehensive dataset of RSPO-certified and noncertified oil palm plantations (∼188,000 km²) in Indonesia, the leading producer of palm oil, as well as annual remotely sensed metrics of tree cover loss and fire occurrence, to evaluate the impact of certification on deforestation and fire from 2001 to 2015. While forest loss and fire continued after RSPO certification, certified palm oil was associated with reduced deforestation. Certification lowered deforestation by 33% from a counterfactual of 9.8 to 6.6% y−1. Nevertheless, most plantations contained little residual forest when they received certification. As a result, by 2015, certified areas held less than 1% of forests remaining within Indonesian oil palm plantations. Moreover, certification had no causal impact on forest loss in peatlands or active fire detection rates. Broader adoption of certification in forested regions, strict requirements to avoid all peat, and routine monitoring of clearly defined forest cover loss in certified and RSPO member-held plantations appear necessary if the RSPO is to yield conservation and climate benefits from reductions in tropical deforestation.
The mechanisms leading to the low-grade inflammation observed during obesity are not fully understood. Seeking the initiating events, we tested the hypothesis that the intestine could be damaged by ...repeated lipid supply and therefore participate in inflammation. In mice, 1–5 palm oil gavages increased intestinal permeability via decreased expression and mislocalization of junctional proteins at the cell–cell contacts; altered the intestinal bacterial species by decreasing the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, segmented filamentous bacteria, and Clostridium leptum; and increased inflammatory cytokine expression. This was further studied in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2/TC7 cells using the two main components of palm oil, i.e., palmitic and oleic acid. Saturated palmitic acid impaired paracellular permeability and junctional protein localization, and induced inflammatory cytokine expression in the cells, but unsaturated oleic acid did not. Inhibiting de novo ceramide synthesis prevented part of these effects. Altogether, our data show that short exposure to palm oil or palmitic acid induces intestinal dysfunctions targeting barrier integrity and inflammation. Excessive palm oil consumption could be an early player in the gut alterations observed in metabolic diseases.
•Palm oil gavages damage the intestinal barrier.•Bacterial species in mice are changed after four palm oil gavages.•Palmitic acid impairs paracellular permeability and cell-cell junctions.•Palmitic acid modifies cytokine expression profile in intestinal epithelial cells.•De novo synthesis of ceramide reproduces palmitic acid deleterious effects.
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