Based on analysis of a large data set and supplementary sampling and analysis for hazardous trace elements in coal samples from the Huainan Coalfield, a generalized contrast-weighted scale index ...method was used to establish a model to evaluate the grade of coal cleanliness and its regional distribution in the main coal seam (No. 13-1) The results showed that: (1) The contents of Cr, Mn and Ni in the coal seam are relatively high and the average values are greater than 20 μg/g. The contents of Se and Hg are at a high level while most other trace elements are at normal levels. (2) The cleanliness grade of the coal seam is mainly grade III–IV, which corresponds to a relatively good-medium coal cleanliness grade. However, some parts of the seam are at grade V (relatively poor coal cleanliness). (3) Coal of relatively good cleanliness grade (grade III) is distributed mainly in the regions corresponding to the Zhuji-Dingji-Gubei coal mines and in the eastern periphery of the Panji coal mine. Coal of medium cleanliness (grade IV) is distributed mainly in the regions of the Panji-Xiejiaji and Kouzidong coalmines. Relatively poor grade coal (grade V) is distributed in the southwest regions of the coalfield and the contents of Cr, As and Hg in coal collected from the relatively poor coal cleanliness regions often exceed the regulatory standards for the maximum concentration limits.
Leiden University Libraries houses the greatest collection of Panji manuscripts in the world. This became evident while preparing the successful nomination of Panji tales manuscripts for UNESCO’s ...Memory of the World Programme. This article begins with observations on Panji tales in general. They originated in East Java and have subsequently spread to other areas in Southeast Asia. This is followed by a description of the collection’s composition and its history. The collection exists of over 260 manuscripts in eight languages, the majority of manuscripts written on palm leaf or paper. I have described four manuscripts in detail paying special attention to their provenance and history. Originating from four locations, written in four languages in three different scripts, they can be considered representative of the collection. A complete listing of all manuscripts is given in the appendix.
The characteristics and influence on methane adsorption capacity of the pore structure of coals was investigated through an approach that integrates mercury intrusion porosimetry, low pressure N2/CO2 ...adsorption, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Shihezi Formation coal samples from the Panji Deep Area in Huainan Coalfield in Southern North China were adopted as the study subjects. The fractal features of heterogeneous coal pore structures were quantified on the basis of N2 adsorption isotherms by using the Frenkel−Halesy−Hill (FHH) model. Pore structure and morphology characterizations confirm that Shihezi Formation coals developed with multiple pore types and heterogeneous pore structures, and the slit-shaped and ink-bottle-shaped pores are mainly distributed at the pore size interval of 3.3–10 nm. Our coal samples present uni-modal and multi-modal pore size distributions, wherein multiple peaks are concentrated in the intervals of 0.45–0.55 nm and 2–20 μm. The major volumes from mesopores (2 nm < pore diameter < 50 nm) and macropores (pore diameter > 50 nm) occur in the full-scale pore size distributions, revealing Shihezi Formation coals are mesopores and macropores rich. Micropores (pore diameter < 2 nm) provide the majority of pore specific surface area, whereas pore volume is mostly contributed by mesopores and macropores. The volumes and specific surface areas of mesopores and macropores are positively correlated with ash yield and inertinite contents but are negatively correlated with maximum vitrinite reflectance (Ro,max). The methane adsorption capacity of Shihezi Formation coals is largely independent of mesopores and macropores but is positively correlated with the pore volume and specific surface area of micropores. This correlation suggests that micropores provide the predominant sites for methane adsorption. The calculated values of pore surface fractal dimension D1 and spatial fractal dimension D2 are 2.440–2.610 (avg. 2.515) and 2.542–2.761 (avg. 2.650), respectively, suggesting that the pore structures of Shihezi Formation coals are highly complex and heterogeneous. The positive correlation between D1 and methane adsorption capacity reveals that high surface roughness of the pore structure is associated with high methane adsorption capacity. However, the irregular pore structure does not influence methane adsorption capacity.
•The pore structure of coals was characterized through an integrated method.•Shihezi Formation coals developed with heterogeneous pore structures.•Methane adsorption capacity mainly depends on micoropores (pore diameter < 2 nm).•A rough surface can provide abundant space for methane adsorption.
This article discusses the Javanese Panji-story Kuda Narawangsa, which I first watched as a masked performance in a village south of Yogyakarta in 1977. The play featured Galuh Candra Kirana, spouse ...of Prince Panji of Jenggala, in the masculine form of “Kuda Narawangsa”. Historical information on this play in archival manuscript sources, found mainly in the collections of Leiden University Libraries, proves that it was well-known in Java during the nineteenth century. In this article, descriptions of performances in manuscripts or printed publications are combined with historical play-scripts (pakem) from Surakarta and Yogyakarta, which have not been investigated so far. Special attention is paid to the script of a masked performance of the Kuda Narawangsa story in a manuscript from the Mangkunegaran palace, investigating what this historical pakem can tell us about the meaning and context of a masked performance of this story in nineteenth century Java. A story which according to recent publications remains relevant in Indonesian society to this day.
The Panji Deep Area in Huainan Coalfield, Southern North China is a newly discovered deep coal-bearing block with abundant coalbed methane (CBM) resources. To date, systematic geological studies ...regarding CBM reservoir in this region are still deficient, thereby seriously hindering the further exploitation and utilization of CBM in Huainan Coalfield. Results indicate that No.13–1 coal seam in the Panji Deep Area has good material conditions for CBM accumulation and preservation. All the coal samples from the No.13–1 coal seam are medium ash and medium−high volatile bituminous coals (Ro,max, 0.72–0.82%), which have different proportions of macerals and minerals. Pore structure and morphology analyses indicate that No.13–1 coal samples have various pore types and complex pore structures. Among them, the ink-bottle shaped pores are mainly observed with a pore size diameter of 4 nm. The gas content of No.13–1 coal samples is 16.11–21.83 m3/t (avg. 18.16 m3/t), which is strongly affected by the effective thickness of coal reservoir, reservoir pressure and temperature. Gas content is significantly positively correlated with burial depth, reservoir pressure, and temperature below 700 m, 6 MPa, and 34 °C, respectively. However, the upward trend tends to be constant after these demarcation points. Numberous micropores hold the retention capacity of coal matrix to methane molecules, thus the residual gas content increases along with the volume and surface area of micropores. By contrast, the correlations between gas content and coal thickness and roof thickness are not obvious. The total CBM resource of No.13–1 coal seam is approximately reserve of 205.36 × 108 m3. Moreover, the total CBM resources in the northern and southern parts of the Panji Deep Area are 73.83 × 108 m3 and 131.53 × 108 m3, respectively. On the basis of multi-level fuzzy model and the evaluated factors, the most favorable areas for CBM development of the No.13–1 coal seam were predicted to be around Zhutuan and south Gugou town in the Panji Deep Area.
•Deep-buried coals develop a complex pore-fracture system.•Burial depth and pressure of coal reservoir significantly affect gas content.•Growth rate of gas content in the deep-buried area is slower than that in the shallow area.•Optimum zones for coalbed methane production are near Zhutuan and south Gugou town.
Ecosystem health assessment (EHA) is one of the most important aspects in ecosystem management. Nowadays, ecological environment of mining cities is facing various problems. In this study, through ...ecosystem health theory and remote sensing images in 2005, 2009 and 2013, landscape pattern analysis and Vigor-Organization-Resilience (VOR) model were applied to set up an evaluation index system of ecosystem health of mining city to assess the healthy level of ecosystem in Panji District Huainan city. Results showed a temporal stable but high spatial heterogeneity landscape pattern during 2005–2013. According to the regional ecosystem health index, it experienced a rapid decline after a slight increase, and finally it maintained at an ordinary level. Among these areas, a significant distinction was presented in different towns. It indicates that the ecosystem health of Tianjijiedao town, the regional administrative centre, descended rapidly during the study period, and turned into the worst level in the study area. While the Hetuan Town, located in the northwestern suburb area of Panji District, stayed on a relatively better level than other towns. The impacts of coal mining collapse area, land reclamation on the landscape pattern and ecosystem health status of mining cities were also discussed. As a result of underground coal mining, land subsidence has become an inevitable problem in the study area. In addition, the coal mining subsidence area has brought about the destruction of the farmland, construction land and water bodies, which causing the change of the regional landscape pattern and making the evaluation of ecosystem health in mining area more difficult. Therefore, this study provided an ecosystem health approach for relevant departments to make scientific decisions.
Wayang beber is a form of picture performance from the Indonesian island of Java. It has a centuries-long oral tradition, from its beginnings in royal palaces to finally finding its place in two ...villages, where it has been preserved to this day. However, despite the significance and the strong performative and ritualistic aspects that wayang beber had in the past, this theatrical form became very rare and unknown even to the majority of the Javanese. This article offers a historical overview of the wayang beber and analyses its existence today in both traditional and contemporary styles.
The objective of this study is to reveal the implications of geological conditions on gas content and geochemistry of deep coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs. It is of great practical significances to ...improve the theory and technology for deep CBM development. In this work, the gas content and geochemistry of selected samples were obtained by canister desorption method, gas chromatography (GC) and GC–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). On the basis of geological conditions, the Panji Deep Area was confirmed as a mining block of high gas content, high ground stress and reservoir temperature, multiple sets of coal seams, and complex mining conditions. Deep-buried coals from No.13–1 and No.11–2 coal seams are generally low-mineral bituminous coals, which show similar coal rank (Ro,max = 0.71%–0.85%) but vary in maceral and chemical components. In addition, the estimated total gas contents of No.13–1 and No.11–2 coal seams are 9.58–23.59 m3/t and 9.46–13.72 m3/t, respectively. Notably, the growth rate of total gas content exhibits two different stages and shows a logarithmic correlation with reservoir temperature, effective thickness of overlying strata, burial depth and gas pressure. The carbon isotopic value of methane (δ13C1) of No.13–1 coal seam varies from −45.09‰ to −39.23‰ (average, −41.90‰), and that for No.11–2 coal seam ranges from −44.92‰ to −38.45‰ (average, −41.90‰). δ13C1 is unrelated with Ro,max but is positively correlated with burial depth and effective thickness of overlying strata, this indicates that δ13C1 value becomes heavier as burial depth increases, which may be related to the desorption-diffusion-migration effect caused by deeper burial depth and in-situ stress exertion. Moreover, δ13C1 shows a positive linear correlation with total gas content, it is inferred that δ13C1 has a correlation with the control factors of total gas content.
•Geological conditions vary vertically and horizontally.•Gas content of deep coals variations with burial depth.•δ13C1 value becomes heavier as burial depth increases.•δ13C1 is related to the control factors of total gas content.
This research analyses the impact of the world-famous Lord Sri Jagannath Temple on the socio-economic conditions of the ritual functionaries of the temple of Puri in eastern India. The number of ...Ritual Functionaries has increased over a period of time but the rituals are remaining constant. The study reveals that the majority of the ritual functionaries are not getting adequate remuneration directly from the rituals due to multiplication of families over generations. But they have been getting their income indirectly from the pilgrims who are visiting the temple. The new generations have also started seeking jobs and doing business for their livelihood, but whenever their family's turn comes for rituals in the temple, they take it as an opportunity to serve the Lord without missing their turn. The economic analysis shows that there is wide variation in the earnings of the ritual functionaries depending on the type and number of days of service allotted to them per month. There is a scope for deployment of the ritual functionaries during their free time to serve the tourist, who are coming directly to the temple and other types of tourist who are staying in the hotels. In this way, they can earn a decent income for them thereby improving their standard of living. Time has come to allot the visitors to the functionaries and attach them to the local hotels to act as the guide to the visitors in a systematic manner. It will help all the functionaries to earn more income. The tourist will also get full satisfaction with their visit. In this manner, Puri can be placed as a major religious tourist spot in the world.
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