Waste particleboard is a valuable feedstock for the particleboards. Recycling waste panels into particleboard is hindered by adhesive residues in the particles. This study aims to investigate the ...effect of adhesive residues on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. The chemical properties and wettability of particles containing pMDI and UF residues were investigated, and these particles were further used to produce particleboards. Results revealed that the pMDI residue is incompatible with fresh UF resin and forms weak bonding in the particleboards. However, the pMDI residue can continue to react with the fresh pMDI and form strong adhesion. The UF residue cannot cross-linked with the fresh UF, and the additional hydrophilic groups, resulting in a severe reduction in the dimensional stability of the panels, but the decrease in the mechanical properties is not significant. Interestingly, the UF residue promotes the curing of fresh pMDI, thus benefiting the mechanical properties of the panels. This study can guide the selection of adhesives in producing recycled particleboard using waste particleboard, thereby promoting the efficient recycling of waste particleboard.
•The interactions between residual and fresh adhesives were analyzed.•The pMDI residue is incompatible with fresh UF resin.•Both pMDI and UF residues can react with fresh pMDI to promote its curing.
•High-quality boards can be produced from alternative lignocellulosic raw materials.•Panels made from alternative materials meet the requirements for panels of type P2.•New raw materials should be ...focused on plants that are already grown for various purposes.•Alternative raw materials may limiting wood harvesting for panels production.
One way to reduce the use of wood resources and simultaneously to manage wastes in the form of forest and agricultural biomass, as well as biomass originating from the food processing industry, is to use those wastes in particleboard production as an alternative raw material to wood chips. This article highlights the potential of woody biomass from non-forest sources. Based on a review of the current scientific literature, an attempt is made to identify the raw materials with the greatest potential, considering their availability and the quality of boards made from them. Suggestions are also made regarding the search for new raw materials, based on their production potential.
Waste furniture boards (WFBs) contain hazardous formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds when left unmanaged or improperly disposed through landfilling and open burning. In this study, pyrolysis ...was examined as a disposal and recovery approach to convert three types of WFBs (i.e., particleboard, plywood, and fiberboard) into value-added chemicals using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR) and pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). TG-FTIR analysis shows that pyrolysis performed at an optimum temperature of 250–550 °C produced volatile products mainly consisting of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and light hydrocarbons, such as methane. Py-GC/MS shows that pyrolysis at different final temperatures and heating rates recovered mainly phenols (25.9–54.7%) for potential use as additives in gasoline, colorants, and food. The calorific value of WFBs ranged from 16 to 18 MJ/kg but the WFBs showed high H/C (1.7–1.8) and O/C (0.8–1.0) ratios that provide low chemical energy during combustion. This result indicates that WFBs are not recommended to be burned directly as fuel, however, they can be pyrolyzed and converted into solid pyrolytic products such as biochar with improved properties for fuel application. Hazardous components, such as cyclopropylmethanol, were removed and converted into value-added compounds, such as 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-d-glucopyranose, for use in pharmaceuticals. These results show that the pyrolysis of WFBs at high temperature and low heating rate is a promising feature to produce value-added chemicals and reduce the formation of harmful chemical species. Thus, the release of hazardous formaldehyde and greenhouse gases into the environment is redirected.
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•Waste furniture board (WFBs) contains hazardous formaldehyde and VOCs.•Pyrolysis is an approach to reduce and valorise WFBs.•Pyrolysis at high temperature and low heating rate shows promising features.•It produces value-added chemicals and reduce formation of harmful species.•Hazardous components (e.g. cyclopropylmethanol) convert into pharmaceuticals.
The effect of shredded waste office paper was considered when producing one-layered particleboard. Five different mixing ratios of shredded waste office paper/wood particles were used (0/100, 25/75, ...50/50, 75/25, and 100/0) and two amounts of urea formaldehyde (UF) resin (10% and 15%). The boards were tested for their physical and mechanical properties, including modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), and internal bond (IB) strength, in accordance with the European Norm (EN) standards. All properties of the boards were found to be improved via increasing the resin content. The 15% UF-bonded board with 100% wood particles had the highest MOR, whereas the board containing 100% wastepaper for 15% UF had the highest MOE. However, there was no statistical difference between the board types. Although increasing wastepaper content in the board negatively affected the IB, the usage of wastepaper up to 25% was shown to be acceptable as a raw material in the production of particleboard. None of the prepared boards met the EN 312 (1999) requirements for thickness swelling. The boards made from shredded waste office paper were more suitable for dry and indoor use.
The use of thermally modified wood has grown significantly worldwide over the past 20 years owing to its natural, chemical-free properties, enhanced dimensional stability, and improved biological ...durability. The binderless particleboard (BP) production process offers an effective way to recycle waste from thermally modified wood. In this study, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and modulated temperature technology were employed to investigate the chemical changes in thermally modified wood as a function of temperature. The impact of moisture content (MC) and temperature on the compression characteristics of particleboards was also examined. The resulting particleboards were subjected to tests for thickness swell and structural morphology (SEM) and vertical density profile analyses. The particleboards produced from thermally modified wood with an MC of 20 % and at a hot-pressing temperature of 170 °C exhibited superior properties to those produced at 8 % MC and 150 and 190 °C. This superior performance can be attributed to the chemical changes in wood, particle size, and the heat transfer and conductivity of the particleboards at high temperature and MC, which renders them more malleable during hot pressing. The particleboards manufactured at 20 % MC and at a hot-pressing temperature of 170 °C demonstrated an internal bonding (IB) of 0.77 MPa, a thickness swell (TS) of 8.14 %, and a homogeneous density distribution. The study provides valuable insights into the production of particleboards from thermally modified wood by optimising the MC and temperature conditions for hot pressing. This research offers a sustainable approach to reusing thermally modified wood waste and promotes the development of more efficient particleboard production processes. Future research could focus on broadening the application scope and exploring the long-term durability and performance of the particleboards produced under the identified optimal conditions.
•FTIR and temperature technology assess chemical changes in wood.•Moisture and temperature impact particleboard compression characteristics.•Particleboards with 20 % MC at 170°C show superior performance.•Homogeneous density distribution enhances particleboard quality.
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) are of increasing interest due to their appealing inherent properties such as bio-degradability, high surface area, light weight, chirality and the ability to form ...effective hydrogen bonds across the cellulose chains or within other polymeric matrices. Extending CN self-assembly into multiphase polymer structures has led to useful end-results in a wide spectrum of products and countless innovative applications, for example, as reinforcing agent, emulsion stabilizer, barrier membrane and binder. In the current contribution, after a brief description of salient nanocellulose chemical structure features, its types and production methods, we move to recent advances in CN utilization as an ecofriendly binder in several disparate areas, namely formaldehyde-free hybrid composites and wood-based panels, papermaking/coating processes, and energy storage devices, as well as their potential applications in biomedical fields as a cost-effective and tissue-friendly binder for cartilage regeneration, wound healing and dental repair. The prospects of a wide range of hybrid materials that may be produced via nanocellulose is introduced in light of the unique behavior of cellulose once in nano dimensions. Furthermore, we implement some principles of colloidal and interfacial science to discuss the critical role of cellulose binding in the aforesaid fields. Even though the CN facets covered in this study by no means encompass the great amount of literature available, they may be regarded as the basis for future developments in the binder applications of these highly desirable materials.
It is very important to develop green composite materials owing to increasing global environmental issues. One of the alternative raw materials for the production of green composites is biomass. ...Bagasse sorghum is a promising alternative raw material for the manufacturing of particleboard composites. The influence of sorghum accessions on the performance of particleboard composites was analyzed in this study. In addition, the particleboard quality was made using maleic acid (MA) adhesive and compared with citric acid (CA) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesives. Three accessions of sorghum, 4183A, super 1, and Pahat, were used as raw materials in particleboard manufacturing. The 20 wt% MA adhesive was applied in particleboard manufacturing. The board dimensions and density targets were 30 × 30 × 0.9 cm3 and 0.8 g/cm3, respectively. The particle mat was pressed 200 °C for 10 min with a maximum of 6.5 MPa. For reference, the JIS A 5908–2003 was used to evaluate physical and mechanical properties, SNI 7207–2014 was used for the resistance against termites, and JIS K 1571–2004 for evaluated the particleboard against decay. The results showed that the sorghum accession in this research did not affect the quality of the particleboard. The thickness swelling (TS), internal bond (IB), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and modulus of rupture (MOR) of particleboard satisfied JIS A 5908–2003 type 8. The particleboard using MA was comparable with those bonded with CA and had better durability against termites and decay than PF adhesives. The ester linkages were formed due to the reaction between MA (carboxyl groups) and the sorghum bagasse (hydroxyl groups) after being analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Therefore, particleboard in this study has good quality.
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•The physical and mechanical properties of sorghum bagasse particleboard were similar in each type of sorghum accession.•Sorghum bagasse-maleic acid particleboards was suitable with Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908 (2003).•The superior dimensional stability was obtained by the particleboards bonded with maleic acid (7.58%).•The particleboards bonded with maleic acid have better biological durability than those bonded with phenol-formaldehyde.
Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin binders for wood-based panel production often use melamine as an additive to improve both mechanical properties and environmental compliance. Direct fortification for ...efficient use of melamine remains a problem due to low solubility. Pizzi & coworkers suggested the use of more soluble melamine salts and demonstrated success in terms of product performance. However, their preparation method showed low productivity and inefficient use of material and energy. In their scheme, a batch reactor fed with 1 kg of water and 75 g of a stoichiometric amount of melamine and acetic acid produced only around 25 g of solid melamine acetate crystal. In contrast, the remaining 50 g remained dissolved in 991 g of water, which requires high of energy to evaporate. This paper reports an attempt to increase batch productivity and work towards the more efficient use of material and energy. The experiment showed that the successive addition of melamine and acetic acid to the batch up to the solubility limit of melamine at the same reaction condition increased melamine and acetic acid fed from 75 g to 165 g. This was followed by a significant increase in dry crystal yield from 25 g to 117 - 132 g. Feeding the mother liquor to the next batch decreased the water use to only 8% of the original requirement. This resulted in a highly efficient process, eliminating the need for energy-intensive melamine acetate recovery from the mother liquor. The addition of 2% - 4% wt. of the product to UF resin resulted in particleboard with significantly lower thickness swelling, an increase in MOR & IB strength, and lower formaldehyde emission.
The use of alternative raw materials such as agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste and by-products in particleboard production is a viable approach to respond to the increased global demand ...for wood-based materials, and it is a key circular economy principle as well. Wood chips are the second most costly element after resin in particleboard production, where both elements accounting for more than 50% of the overall production cost. Therefore, a significant cost reduction could be achieved by replacing wood chips with lignocellulosic agricultural wastes. Agricultural biomass exists in abundant post-harvest and post-production processes and can be served as an ideal alternative for particleboard manufacturing. This study aimed to review and evaluate the current state-of-the-art particleboard production using a wide variety of environmentally-friendly agricultural biomass, recycled wood waste, and by-products. In this review, the agricultural biomass used for particleboard production was classified into seven different groups based on the part of the plant which they are extracted from, i.e. straw, stalk, bagasse, seed/fruit, leaf, grass, and palms. Particleboards' properties of these raw materials were also compared in terms of their mechanical parameters. The last part of this review concluded the challenges and future potential of using agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste.
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