Abstract Dermatophytoses are skin diseases related to the infection of surface layers of skin and other keratinised structures such as hair and nails, caused by fungi referred to as dermatophytes. ...The scientific literature provides descriptions of over 50 dermatophytic species classified in the Trichophyton , Epidermophyton , Nannizzia , Arthroderma , Lophophyton , and Paraphyton genera. Dermatophytes are regarded as pathogens; they are not a component of skin microbiota and their occurrence in animals and humans cannot be considered natural. The review of the scientific literature regarding the occurrence and prevalence of dermatomycoses in companion animals revealed significant differences in the prevalence of the infections. Two main factors are most frequently assumed to have the greatest epidemiological importance, i.e. the animal origin and the type of infection. In this aspect, interesting data are provided by investigations of the fungal microbiota present in cat and dog fur. Interestingly, an anthropophilic species Trichophyton rubrum was found to be one of the species of dermatophytes colonising the skin of animals that did not present symptoms of infection. Is the carrier state of this species important in the epidemiology of human infections? Additionally, animal breeders and veterinarians claim that only certain breeds of dogs and cats manifest high sensitivity to dermatophyte infections. The pathomechanism of dermatophyte infections has not yet been fully elucidated; however, three main stages can be distinguished: adhesion of arthrospores to corneocytes, their germination and development of mycelium, and fungal penetration into keratinised tissues. Importantly, the dermatophyte life cycle ends before the appearance of the first symptoms of the infection, which may pose an epidemiological threat. Dermatophyte virulence factors include various exoenzymes, mainly keratinase, protease, lipase, phospholipase, gelatinase, and DNase as well as toxins causing haemolysis responsible for nutrient supply to pathogens and persistence in the stratum corneum of the host. Clinical symptoms of the infection are external manifestations of the dermatophyte virulence factors. 1. Introduction. 2. Dermatophytoses in dogs and cats. 2.1. Diagnostic problems in zoophilic dermatophytoses. 2.2. The prevalence of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats. 2.3. Factors predisposing to dermatophytosis. 2.4. Breed predilections in dermatophyte infections. 3. Pathogenesis and dermatophyte virulence factors. 3.1. Development of dermatophyte infection. 3.2. The pathogenesis of infection. 3.3. Dermatophyte virulence factors. 3.4. Clinical symptoms in canine and feline dermatomycoses. 3.5. Host immune response. 4. Summary
Novi model patogeneze karcinoma jajnika Babarović, Emina; Krašević, Maja; Eminović, Senija
Medicina fluminensis,
09/2016, Letnik:
52, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Karcinom jajnika je vodeći uzrok smrti među zloćudnim novotvorinama ženskog spolnog sustava. Usprkos pokušajima razvoja programa probira s ciljem ranog otkrivanja bolesti, kao i novim terapijskim ...pristupima, mortalitet nije značajno smanjen. Jedan od razloga ovog neuspjeha bio je slabo razumijevanje patogeneze karcinoma jajnika koji je smatran jedinstvenom bolešću. Nove spoznaje pokazuju da je karcinom jajnika vrlo heterogena bolest, koja se na temelju kliničkopatoloških karakteristika te molekularnih i genetičkih promjena može podijeliti u dvije skupine: tip 1 i tip 2 tumori. Ovaj novi model patogeneze karcinoma jajnika danas ima važan klinički i terapijski značaj
Abstract In 2019, a new human pandemic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China. We present the knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The SARS-CoV-2 is similar to ...other coronaviruses, nevertheless, differences were observed. Cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 is facilitated by cleavage of spike protein by furin. The receptor-binding motif of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein forms a larger binding interface and more contacts with host receptor ACE2 compared those of in SARS-CoV. Unlike other coronaviruses, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has a motif, known to bind integrins. Nucleocapsid protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 display some structural differences compared to those of SARS-CoV as well. These features may increase the efficiency of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and indicate the putative targets for specific antiviral therapy. 1. Taxonomy of Coronaviridae . 2. Structure of Betacoronavirus virion. 3. Genome of Betacoronavirus . 4. Proteins of Betacoronavirus . 5. Betacoronavirus replication cycle. 6. Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 6.1. Tissue and cellular pathogenesis. 6.2. Molecular basis of pathogenesis. 6.3. Immunopathological changes in COVID-19. 7. Conclusions
Abstract Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) is a Gram-negative bacteria and an etiological agent of the sexually transmitted disease – gonorrhea. N. gonorrhoeae possesses many mechanism to evade the ...innate immune response of the human host. Most are related to serum resistance and avoidance of complement killing. However the clinical symptoms of gonorrhea are correlated with a significant presence of neutrophils, whose response is also insufficient and modulated by gonococci. 1. Introduction. 2. Adherence ability. 3. Serum resistance and complement system. 4. Neutrophils. 4.1. Phagocytosis. 4.1.1. Oxygen-dependent intracellular killing. 4.1.2. Oxygen-independent intracellular killing. 4.2. Neutrophil extracellular traps. 4.3. Degranulation. 4.4. Apoptosis. 5. Summary
Iako virus Zapadnog Nila (engl. West Nile virus, WNV) poznajemo gotovo 80 godina, intenzivnija istraživanja o njemu se provode unatrag petnaestak godina, nakon što je u SAD-u uzrokovao veliku ...epidemiju infekcija središnjeg živčanog sustava. WNV je virus koji spada u porodicu Flaviviridae, rod Flavivirus. Radi se o jednom serotipu, ali se virus genotipski može podijeliti u najmanje osam linija od kojih su linije 1, 2 i 5 medicinski najbitnije. Afrika je postojbina WNV-a odakle se proširio cijelim svijetom. Prirodni rezervoari virusa su ptice, a vektori su mu komarci. Najčešćii način prijenosa virusa na čovjeka je ubod komarca, ali se virus može prenijeti i transfuzijama krvi te transplantacijom solidnih organa. Nakon inkubacije od 3 – 14 dana može se razviti bolest koja najčešće prolazi asimptomatski ili kao blaža febrilna bolest. U manjeg broja inficiranih se razvije neuroinvazivna bolest. Simptomatska terapija je osnov liječenja, a dugotrajni oporavak uz ponekad trajne sekvele su nerijetko prisutni nakon preboljele bolesti.
Reumatoidni artritis (RA) jedna je od najčešćih i najtežih autoimunih i kroničnih upalnih bolesti koja dovodi do ireverzibilnih oštećenja zglobova i sistemskih oštećenja ostalih organa, te uzrokuje ...tešku invalidnost i velik stupanj mortaliteta. Opisani su brojni patogenetski mehanizmi uključeni u nastanak i razvoj reumatoidnog artritisa, no etiologija bolesti još nije poznata. Međudjelovanje genetskih i čimbenika okoline izaziva gubitak tolerancije i javljanje autoimunog odgovora na vlastite antigene, što se manifestira razvojem artritisa i sistemskim poremećajima. Razjašnjavanje ranih patogenetskih mehanizama i složenih međustaničnih interakcija u sinovijalnoj membrani stvara uvjete za pronalazak dobrih i visokospecifičnih biomarkera za postavljanje rane dijagnoze, davanje prognoze i praćenje terapijskog odgovora, a time i za individualiziran pristup terapiji RA bolesnika, koji bi se temeljio na izravnom blokiranju ključnog patogenetskog mehanizma bolesti i indukciji tolerancije, a ne na supresiji imunološkog odgovora.
The number of cancers is constantly increasing. An important role in the etiology of many of them is played by the viral factor, by oncogenic viruses, such as the Human Papillomavirus. The article ...shows current epidemiological situation and describes the structure of the virus and modes of transmission. It also explains the role of HPV infection in cancer with particular emphasis on oropharynx and head and neck cancer.
Summarizing, HPV infection plays an important role in carcinogenesis of the oropharynx tumors. The presence of viral genetic material in the tumor may influence prognosis and treatment method choices.
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