Green hotels help protect the environment by performing various environmentally friendly practices. This study examines the reason constructs to provide unique insights on consumers’ motivational ...mechanisms in green hotel patronage intention. This study aims to investigate altruism value, reasons for patronage and reasons against patronage as predictors of green hotel patronage intention. This study also examines the mediating effect of both reasons in the relationship between altruism and green hotel patronage intention. The usable data of 262 respondents were collected through the distribution of questionnaire in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. The results demonstrated that both reasons for and reasons against patronage have a significant influence on green hotel patronage intention. Reasons for patronage were also found to be a mediator between altruism and green hotel patronage intention. This study also shows that altruism value significantly predicts green hotel patronage intention and reasons for patronage. Thus, green hoteliers should target potential altruistic consumers and stimulate altruistic values of people. In addition, they should strengthen the reasons for patronage and address the reasons against patronage so that consumers see more value in patronising green hotels.
Este artículo presenta, mediante el análisis de documentación de archivo, en parte inédita, un análisis del inventario de dote de Gracia de Olazábal y ejemplos de sus actuaciones como promotora y ...gestora de la casa Idiáquez-Olazábal. El objetivo principal radica en otorgar visibilidad a esta dama guipuzcoana y aproximarnos a sus intervenciones en el patronazgo artístico y en los negocios familiares.
In many young democracies, local politics remain a bastion of nondemocratic practices, from corruption to clientelism to abuse of power. In a context where these practices are widespread, will local ...politicians ever voluntarily abandon them? Focusing on the practice of clientelism in social policy in Argentina, this book argues that only the combination of a growing middle class and intense political competition leads local politicians to opt out of clientelism. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, an original public opinion survey, and cross-municipal data in Argentina, this book illustrates how clientelism works and documents the electoral gains and costs of the practice. In doing so, it points to a possible subnational path towards greater accountability within democracy.
Der Beitrag ist ein Plädoyer für eine reflektierte Geschichte der politischen Patronage in der Epoche der Moderne. Im Anschluss an die deutlich avanciertere Forschung in den romanischen Ländern ...fassen wir politische Patronage als integralen Bestandteil moderner Politik und verwenden das von Wolfgang Reinhard für die Frühneuzeitgeschichte adaptierte Konzept der „Mikropolitik“. Anstelle einer oft statischen Netzwerkforschung treten wir für eine Handlungs- und Kulturgeschichte von Mikropolitik in der Moderne ein, unter Einschluss der Normen und Werte, die darin zum Ausdruck kommen. Weitgehend offen ist gegenwärtig noch die Frage, worin die mikropolitischen Spezifika dieser Epoche liegen. Folgende Merkmale scheinen uns gleichwohl charakteristisch: Mikropolitik und Patronage haben im Kontrast zur Vormoderne ein deutlich erhöhtes Legitimitätsdefizit. Die für den politischen Gabentausch zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen änderten sich zunächst mit der Industrialisierung und später mit dem Ausbau des Interventionsstaates. Neben der zuvor fast alternativlosen hierarchischen Patronage erhielt in der Moderne die horizontale Vernetzung einen Bedeutungsgewinn – aufgrund neuer Wertvorstellungen, aber auch wegen der diffuseren Verteilung von Ressourcen. Damit traten soziale Akteure aus neuen Schichten auf den Plan. Außerdem entwickelten sich erstmals seit dem 19. Jahrhundert Organisationen wie etwa Parteien oder Gewerkschaften, die ihrerseits als mikropolitische Akteure auftraten und damit das Prinzip der „Organisationspatronage“ begründeten. Schließlich gehörte zu den Kriterien der Begünstigung nunmehr auch die politische Gesinnung.
La concreción de la autoridad otorgada a la Corona española mediante el Patronato Real colisionó a menudo con la idea que las autoridades eclesiásticas tenían de su autonomía respecto al poder ...político. Este artículo analiza la importancia que tuvo este problema con un virrey que intentó reforzar la autoridad y prerrogativas reales que representaba y los enfrentamientos que se produjeron con las autoridades eclesiásticas que influyeron, en último término, en la caída del virrey y en la dureza de la sentencia que le fue impuesta.
Does increasing the representation of women in government lead to less corruption, or does corruption prevent the election of women? Are these effects large enough to be substantively meaningful? ...Some research suggests that having women in legislatures reduces corruption levels, with a variety of theoretical rationales offered to explain the finding. Other research suggests that corruption is a deterrent to women’s representation because it reinforces clientelistic networks that privilege men. Using instrumental variables, we find strong evidence that women’s representation decreases corruption and that corruption decreases women’s participation in government; both effects are substantively significant.
This book asks why some countries devote the lion's share of their social policy resources to the elderly, while others have a more balanced repertoire of social spending. Far from being the outcome ...of demands for welfare spending by powerful age-based groups in society, the 'age' of welfare is an unintended consequence of the way that social programs are set up. The way that politicians use welfare state spending to compete for votes, along either programmatic or particularistic lines, locks these early institutional choices into place. So while society is changing - aging, divorcing, moving in and out of the labor force over the life course in new ways - social policies do not evolve to catch up. The result, in occupational welfare states like Italy, the United States, and Japan, is social spending that favors the elderly and leaves working-aged adults and children largely to fend for themselves.
This book offers a novel perspective on one of the most important monuments of French Gothic architecture, the Sainte-Chapelle, constructed in Paris by King Louis IX of France between 1239 and 1248 ...especially to hold and to celebrate Christ's Crown of Thorns. Meredith Cohen argues that the chapel's architecture, decoration, and use conveyed the notion of sacral kingship to its audience in Paris and in greater Europe, thereby implicitly elevating the French king to the level of suzerain, and establishing an early visual precedent for the political theories of royal sovereignty and French absolutism. By setting the chapel within its broader urban and royal contexts, this book offers new insight into royal representation and the rise of Paris as a political and cultural capital in the thirteenth century.
The primary objective of the study was to investigate how brand extensions can leverage on the parent brand image in order to achieve a positive brand extension perception. This was investigated in ...accordance with specific brand building constructs. The study focused on a consumers’ perspective of the Clover Tropika brand within emerging economic areas. The research was based on a quantitative approach which adopted convenience sampling at Mall intercepts. A total sample of 238 consumers responded to a self-administered questionnaire at Southgate and Maponya Mall which are located in the south west of Johannesburg. All respondents were above the age of 18 and consented to participate in the research by willingly placing their completed questionnaires in the box provided on the day. The data techniques used included Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) which had a core focus on Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) which assisted in confirming the relationships proposed in the conceptual model. SEM also focused on path modelling to determine the causal relations. Nine out of the ten hypotheses proposed had a significant level of p<0.001 proving support for the proposed hypotheses. The research found that there is a significant relationship between brand awareness and brand attitudes, as this hypothesis had the highest path coefficient score. After the research was conducted. It was noted that high recall and recognition of the parent brand, accompanied by favorable attitudes, are key factors in leveraging on the parent brand image to build brand extensions. Moreover, brand extensions need to have high perceived fit in order to leverage extensively on the parent brand image.
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