Fipronil je insekticid širokog spektra djelovanja koji se ubraja u skupinu fenilpirazola. Prvi je insekticid koji je djelovao ciljajući GABA (gama-aminomaslačnu kiselinu) receptor i imao povoljnu ...selektivnu toksičnost prema insektima, ali ne i sisavcima. U skladu s uredbom (EZ) br. 1107/2009. fipronil nije odobren u sredstvima za zaštitu bilja te je zabranjeno tretiranje životinja namijenjenih za prehranu ljudi u Europskoj uniji (EU). Najveća dopuštena količina (NDK) fipronila ustvrđena je prema Uredbi 396/2005. o maksimalnim razinama ostataka pesticida u i na hrani i hrani za životinje biljnog i životinjskog podrijetla te za jaja i meso peradi iznosi 0,005 mg/kg. Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (WHO) klasificirala je fipronil kao umjereno opasan pesticid II klase. Konzumiranje malih količina fipronila izaziva mučninu, glavobolju, povraćanje, bol u želucu, slabost i vrtoglavicu. Nakon apsorpcije u ljudi distribuira se u tkiva i oslobađa aktivne metabolite koji se nakupljaju uglavnom u masnom tkivu. Eksperimenti na miševima pokazali su da produljena izloženost visokim dozama fipronila prouzroči rak štitnjače u mužjaka i ženki. Pojava fipronila u jajima u EU zabilježena je 2016. godine u Belgiji. Kao posljedica ustvrđene zlouporabe fipronila na farmama pilića, države članice EU i Europska komisija dogovorile su provedbu ad-hoc monitoringa na ostatke insekticida fipronila i drugih akaricida u jajima i mesu peradi. Europska agencija za sigurnost hrane (EFSA) objavila je izvješće o rezultatima monitoringa te su u ukupnoj količini od 5439 uzoraka jaja i mesa peradi u zemljama članicama EU i Islandu u 742 uzorka (13,6 %) ustvrđene količine veće od zakonski dopuštenih. Većina nesukladnih rezultata odnosila se na fipronil u uzorcima kokošjih jaja i masnog tkiva kokoši nesilica. U uzorcima iz Republike Hrvatske nisu ustvrđeni nesukladni rezultati. Uzorci koji su prekoračili zakonsko ograničenje bili su podrijetlom iz Nizozemske, Italije, Njemačke, Poljske, Mađarske, Francuske, Slovenije i Grčke. Članice EU su u kontroli proizvoda koji se upućuju na tržište EU nesukladne rezultate fipronila prijavljivale u razdoblju 2017.-2019. putem centralnog sustava brzog uzbunjivanja za hranu i hranu za životinje - RASFF. Ukupno je prijavljeno 128 različitih proizvoda s nesukladnim koncentracijama fipronila, a najviše se obavijesti odnosilo na jaja i proizvode od jaja. Pri tome je u okviru poduzetih mjera za čak 45 prijava provedeno povlačenje kontaminiranih jaja s tržišta, obavljeno je po 9 zapljena i 9 službenih pritvora. Na temelju ustvrđenih nesukladnih nalaza fipronila Europska komisija je prema Provedbenoj Uredbi Komisije (EU) 2019/533 uvrstila njegovu kontrolu u okviru koordiniranog višegodišnjeg programa kontrole EU za razdoblje 2020.-2022.
Every year, about 300,000 people die because of pesticide poisoning worldwide. The most common pesticide agents are organophosphates and phosphides, aluminium phosphide (AlP) in particular. AlP is ...known as a suicide poison that can easily be bought and has no effective antidote. Its toxicity results from the release of phosphine gas as the tablet gets into contact with moisture. Phosphine gas primarily affects the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. Poisoning signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, restlessness, abdominal pain, palpitation, refractory shock, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary oedema, dyspnoea, cyanosis, and sensory alterations. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, positive silver nitrate paper test to phosphine, and gastric aspirate and viscera biochemistry. Treatment includes early gastric lavage with potassium permanganate or a combination with coconut oil and sodium bicarbonate, administration of charcoal, and palliative care. Specific therapy includes intravenous magnesium sulphate and oral coconut oil. Moreover, acidosis can be treated with early intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate, cardiogenic shock with fluid, vasopresor, and refractory cardiogenic shock with intra-aortic baloon pump or digoxin. Trimetazidine may also have a useful role in the treatment, because it can stop ventricular ectopic beats and bigeminy and preserve oxidative metabolism. This article reviews the epidemiological, toxicological, and clinical/pathological aspects of AlP poisoning and its management.
Porast slučajeva muške neplodnosti tijekom posljednja dva desetljeća, vjerojatno i zbog izloženosti okolišnim čimbenicima, izazvao je značajan interes. Izvješća klinika za neplodnost pokazala su da ...kronične bolesti i nasljedni čimbenici ili neke zdravstvene smetnje mogu samo djelomično objasniti trenutačnu incidenciju muške neplodnosti. Životni okoliš i radna okolina mogu imati značajnu ulogu u izlaganju složenim smjesama spojeva s endokrinim djelovanjem (ED), koji su povezani s raznim poremećajima plodnosti. Cilj je ovoga preglednog rada dati uvid u trenutačno znanje o tipovima izloženosti koji mogu biti povezani s muškom neplodnošću. Naše se istraživanje oslanjalo na sustavnu pretragu PubMeda, Scopusa i Web of Sciencea za članke objavljene od siječnja 2000. do rujna 2020. Rezultati su pokazali da je za neke čimbenike dobro dokumentirana povezanost s muškom neplodnošću, što uključuje pušenje, neke fiziološke poremećaje te kronične bolesti poput pretilosti i dijabetesa, koji sami po sebi mogu odražavati životne navike i izloženost okolišu, posebice spojevima s ED-om poput ftalata, bisfenola, pesticida i protupožarnih zaštita. Međutim, broj studija o etiologiji muške neplodnosti još je uvijek premalen u usporedbi s veličinom zahvaćene populacije. Medicina rada tijekom sistematskih pregleda ne prikuplja podatke o muškoj neplodnosti premda su spojevi s ED-om prisutni u mnogim tehnološkim procesima.
The upsurge in male infertility over the last two decades, possibly due to environmental exposure, has raised significant interest, particularly boosted by reports from fertility clinics, which ...showed that chronic diseases and hereditary or other medical conditions might only partially explain current incidence of male infertility. Both environmental and occupational settings may have a significant role in exposure to complex mixtures of endocrine disruptors (ED), which play a major role in fertility disorders. The aim of this review is to give an insight into the current knowledge on exposure settings which may be associated with male infertility. Our study relied on a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published between January 2000 and September 2020. It showed that some well documented factors associated with male infertility include smoking, and physiological disturbances or chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, which in turn, may also reflect lifestyle choices and environmental exposures, especially to EDs such as phthalates, bisphenols, pesticides, and flame retardants. However, the number of studies on the aetiology of male infertility is still too low in comparison with the size of affected population. Occupational health follow-ups and medical surveillance do not collect any data on male infertility, even though ED chemicals are part of many technological processes.
Contaminants of Medicinal Herbs and Herbal Products Kosalec, Ivan (Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia); Cvek, Josipa (Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Zagreb, Croatia); Tomić, Siniša (Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Zagreb, Croatia)
Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju,
12/2009, Letnik:
60, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Medicinal plants have a long history of use in therapy throughout the world and still make an important part of traditional medicine. Thus, medicinal plants and herbal products must be safe for the ...patient (consumer). This review addresses biological contaminants (microbes and other organisms) and chemical contaminants (mycotoxins, toxic elements such as heavy metals, and pesticide residues) as major common contaminants of medicinal herbs and herbal products. To prevent and screen for contamination and ensure safety and conformity to quality standards, medicinal herbs and herbal products should be included in appropriate regulatory framework.
Ljekovito bilje i biljni proizvodi već tisućljećima nalaze široku primjenu u razli _itim sustavima tradicionalnog lije _enja. Stoga je njihova neškodljivost, ponajprije uvjetovana kakvoćom biljne sirovine, od izuzetne važnosti za javno zdravstvo. Od mogućih _imbenika koji utje _u na kakvoću ljekovitog bilja i biljnih proizvoda ovaj pregledni rad osvrće se na naj _ešće prisutna biološka (mikroorganizmi) i kemijska one _išćenja (mikotoksini, toksi _ni elementi poput teških metala te ostaci pesticida). S ciljem postizanja ujedna _enih standarda kakvoće te osiguranja sigurnosti primjene biljnih proizvoda od vitalne su važnosti zakonski propisi koji moraju u odgovarajućim regulatornim okvirima obuhvatiti ovu skupinu proizvoda s naglaskom na sprje _avanju i ispitivanju njihovih mogućih one _išćenja.
Neupitna je iznimno važna uloga koju pčele imaju u prirodi kao oprašivači biljaka i proizvođači određenih nezamjenjivih prirodnih proizvoda. No, u posljednje vrijeme sve se češće pčele spominju kao ...žrtve onečišćenja okoliša koje predstavlja stvarnu prijetnju njihovom opstanku. Pčele su opnokrilasti kukci koji broje oko 20 000 poznatih vrsta, a nama najpoznatija i najbliža je medonosna pčela, odnosno siva kranjska pčela (Apis mellifera carnica). Pčele su zaslužne za 87,5 % oprašivanja kod biljaka cvjetnjača, što je posebno važno u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji, dok se direktna korist od medonosnih pčela očituje i u pčelinjim proizvodima kao što su: med, vosak, propolis, pelud, otrov, matična mliječ. Stoga je ključno otkriti i pratiti na koji način i u kojoj mjeri onečišćivala poput teških metala i pesticida, iz vode, tla i zraka dospijevaju u biljke i njihove produkte kao i u same pčele. Sve se ono što pčele proizvode za sebe i ljudsku uporabu može odraziti na njihovo i na ljudsko zdravlje. Ovdje je potrebno sagledati cjelokupnu povezanost između, uvjetno rečeno, nežive prirode, tvari u vodi, tlu i zraku, s okolišnim uvjetima poput sve izraženije promjene staništa i klimatskih promjena te cjelokupni utjecaj na pčelinje populacije koje su se pokazale kao neprocjenjivi biopokazatelji u biomonitoringu onečišćenja okoliša.
Dimethoate is an organophosphorus pesticide used against agricultural insects, which causes oxidative stress and damage in many organs, including the reproductive ones. Cherry laurel (
Roem.) fruit ...is rich in vitamins and phenolic compounds with antioxidant effect. The aim of this study was to investigate how effective its extract would be against dimethoate-induced testis and sperm damage in rats. Sixty animals were divided in six groups of 10. Group 1 (control) received only 1 mL of saline (0.9 % NaCl). Group 2 received 7 mg/kg of dimethoate in 1 mL of saline. Group 3 received 4 mg/kg of extract in 1 mL of saline. Group 4 received the extract 30 min before dimethoate administration. Group 5 received vitamin C (positive control, 100 mg/kg in 1 mL of saline) 30 min before dimethoate administration. Group 6 received only dimethoate for the first four weeks and then a combination of dimethoate and extract for another four weeks. All doses were administered daily by oral gavage. After eight weeks of treatment, the rats were euthanised and their reproductive organs removed. We took their body and reproductive organ weights and evaluated testicular oxidative stress, semen characteristics, sperm DNA damage, testicular apoptosis, and histopathological changes. Dimethoate significantly decreased body and reproductive organ weights, sperm motility and concentration, testicular superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-peroxidase activities and significantly increased lipid peroxidation, abnormal sperm rate, sperm DNA damage, testicular apoptosis, and caused histopathological lesions. Cherry laurel extract significantly countered many dimethoate-induced adverse effects, both as pre- and post-treatment, including reproductive organ weight, semen parameters, oxidant-antioxidant balance, sperm DNA integrity, testicular apoptosis, and histological structure. Our findings clearly suggest that the beneficial effects of the extract are associated with countering oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation in particular.
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide widely used in agriculture and aquaculture. This study investigated its effects on carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme activity and histopathology of rainbow ...trout gill and liver. The fish were exposed to 2.25 (25 % of 96 h LC
), 4.5 (50 % of 96 h LC
), and 6.75 μg L
(75 % of 96 h LC
) of chlorpyrifos for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. CA activity was measured in liver and gills and histopathological changes were examined by light microscopy. The most common liver changes at most of the chlorpyrifos concentrations were hyperaemia and degenerative changes. Gill tissues were characterised by lamellar hyperaemia, lamellar oedemas, clumping, cellular degeneration, hyperplasia, and lamellar atrophy. CA enzyme activity in the gills decreased at all concentrations at 48, 72, and 96 h after exposure to chlorpyrifos (p<0.05). Similarly, there was a time-dependent decrease in CA activity at all of the concentrations in liver tissues (p<0.05). The present study indicated that chlorpyrifos inhibits CA enzyme activity and causes histopathological damage in gill and liver tissues
Klorpirifos je organofosforni pesticid široke primjene u poljoprivredi i ribarstvu. U ovome radu istražili smo njegov učinak na aktivnost enzima ugljikove anhidraze te histopatologiju škrga i jetre u kalifornijske pastrve. Ribe su bile izložene klorpirifosu u koncentracijama 2,25 μg L-1 (25 % 96-satnog LC50), 4,5 μg L-1 (50 % 96-satnog LC50) i 6,75 μg L-1 (75 % 96-satnog LC50) tijekom 24, 48, 72 i 96 sati. Aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze mjerena je u jetri i škrgama, a histopatološke promjene promatrane su svjetlosnom mikroskopijom. Najčešće promjene u jetri pri većini koncentracija bile su hiperemija i degenerativne promjene. Na tkivu škrga primijećeni su hiperemija i edemi u škržnim listićima, sljepljivanje i degeneracija stanica, hiperplazija te atrofija škržnih listića. Aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze u škrgama smanjila se pri svim koncentracijama nakon 48, 72 i 96 sati izloženosti (p<0.05). Također je uočeno i smanjenje aktivnosti ugljikove anhidraze u jetri ovisno o duljini izloženosti pri svim koncentracijama (p<0.05). Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da klorpirifos inhibira aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze i izaziva značajna histopatološka oštećenja u škrgama i jetri
Organophosphate pesticide (OP) poisoning is quite common and can cause cardiovascular complications and even direct myocardial injury. However, no guideline has included an acute poisoning as a ...potential cause for a type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) so far. Here we present a case of a 61-year-old woman brought by ambulance to emergency department one hour after accidental ingestion of an unknown quantity of a solution she used against flea infestation. The patient presented with dizziness, myosis, excessive sweating, hypersalivation, sphincteric incontinence, muscle fasciculation, tremor of the extremities, pale skin, alcoholic and pesticide breath odour. Even though we had no guidelines to fall back on, we successfully treated the patient with low-molecular-weight heparin, antiplatelets, statin, diltiazem, antidote therapy, and supportive care. Physicians should be aware that OP poisoning can induce type 2 MI as a complication within a few hours since exposure, and emergency management should always include close cardiac monitoring.
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