Background: Nowadays, increasing the use of pesticides to manage the agriculture production resulted in increased pesticide residues in final products and concerns about environmental pollution and ...prevalence of emerging diseases. This study aims to investigate the residual amount of Phosalone toxin in the early and late varieties of peach orchards in Saman city located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.
Methods: In this study, 60 samples of early and late peach varieties of peach orchards were selected randomly. Phosalone residues in early and late peach varieties before and after washing, and after peeling were extracted by QUECHERS method and the amount of extracted toxin were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data were analyzed using SPSS v.24 software.
Results: Phosalone residues in early peach varieties before and after washing were 3.55 ± 0.94 and 0.31 ± 0.29 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of Phosalone residues in unwashed early and late peach varieties before washing was 3.17 ± 0.97 mg/kg but decreased to 0.64 ±0.74 mg /kg after washing. Peeling reduced 97.79% of the Phosalone residues in late peach. Early and late peaches covered by the plant pathology clinic and unwashed late peaches not covered by plant pathology clinic were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the Iranian national standard (2 mg/kg).
Conclusion: Washing and peeling the peach significantly decreased the toxin residues. In order to minimize the risk of exposure to Phosalone residues, integrated pest control management programs are essential.
•The formation of the cellobiose-derived CDs was discussed in detail.•N atoms as the “molecular glue” to improve the quantum and generation yield of CDs.•The temperature sensor based on the dual ...fluorescence centers of the N-CDs was constructed•Dual ratiometric modes for phosalone analysis was proposed via the as-prepared N-CDs.
Cellobiose, the hydrolysis product of cellulose and the dimer of glucose, was employed to synthesize carbon dots (CDs) via a simple hydrothermal method. The inducing of nitrogen can act as a “molecular glue”, more and more carbon clusters were “glued” together, which would push the hydrothermal reaction in the positive direction. Besides, the linear response of the fluorescence of N-CDs to temperature ensured its potential application in temperature sensing. In the temperature range of 10∼80 °C, the fluorescence of as-prepared N-CDs was reversible and recoverable. Moreover, the dual fluorescence centers and dual-absorption bands of the as-prepared N-CDs permitted the novel dual-mode ratiometric assays for phosalone detection. The linear range and limit of detection (LOD) for dual fluorescence center-based ratiometric assay were 0.12∼5.45 μg/mL and 42.90 ng/mL, respectively. While that for the dual absorption-based ratiometric assay were 0.02∼1.40 μg/mL, and 6.67 ng/mL, respectively.
In this paper, cellobiose was employed to synthesize carbon dots via a facile hydrothermal method. The formation mechanism of CDs was discussed in detail. Display omitted
Schematic presentation of applicability of AE-MOF UiO-66 has been used as sorbent was for the adsorption and removal of phosalone.
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•AE-MOF UiO-66 was used as green sorbent.•AE-MOF ...UiO-66 is playing the role of the high capacity porous adsorbent.•Adsorption capacity of 733 mg/g was achieved for AE-MOF UiO-66 in phosalone adsorption process.•AE-MOF UiO-66 was used for removal phosalone in real sample.
The development of versatile and effective adsorbents to eliminate organophosphorous pesticides from irrigation tail water is of special importance. The performance of the UiO-66-based metal–organic framework (UiO-66 MOF) for phosalone elimination from the real samples was evaluated. Characterization of the constructed MOFs was carried out by FT-IR, 31P NMR, TGA, BET, XRD, and SEM techniques. To elevate the adsorption ability of the UiO-66 MOF, as-synthesized material was chemically activated and then extruded (AE UiO-66 MOF). The phosalone adsorption on the AE UiO-66 MOF was investigated using UV–Vis, FT-IR, and 31P-NMR spectroscopy techniques. The influence of variables such as pH, sorbent amount, time period, and initial phosalone concentration were evaluated, and optimized conditions were determined to reach the desired performance. The kinetic study indicated a pseudo-second-order kinetic behavior for the phosalone adsorption by sorbent, which was fitted well to the Langmuir isotherms. The applicability of the AE UiO-66 MOF for phosalone adsorption in lentil, red bean, corn, tomato juice, and tap and river water was evaluated with satisfactory results (relative recovery = 84–96 %).
Mixed hemimicelle SDS-coated magnetic chitosan nanoparticles (MHMS-MCNPs) were utilized as an efficacious adsorbent for both removal and preconcentration of pesticides named diazinon, phosalone and ...chlorpyrifos. In this method, the formation of mixed hemimicelles made up of SDS on the surface of MCNPs leads to solubilization and the retention of target analytes by strong hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, which has been realized for the first time in magnetic chitosan nanoparticles support. Different parameters affecting the adsorption of pesticides were optimized as rFemoval efficiency by response surface methodology and one variable at a time. Under the optimum condition, adsorption equilibrium data were fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm. Extraction recoveries for 5 ng mL−1 of diazinon, phosalone and chlorpyrifos were 99%, 98% and 96%, respectively; with relative standard deviations values were lower than 4.6% for five replications of extraction. Limit of detection obtained for mentioned pesticides were <0.09 ng mL−1. Eventually, MHMS-MCNPs were successfully applied for both removal and trace determination of pesticides in surface and ground environmental and waste water samples collected from various places in northern Iran.
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•High performance of pesticides removal was achieved in SDS modified nanoparticles.•Adsolubilization within nano-sorbent is perceived via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions.•High adsorption capacity was achieved using nano-sorbent in short times.•Pollutant-laden nano-sorbent can be recovered using magnetic separation.
Toxicity of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) remains a major public health concern due to their widespread use as pesticides and the existence of nerve agents. Their common mechanism of action ...involves inhibition of enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) which are crucial for neurotransmission. Both chronic and acute poisoning by OPs can leave long-lasting health effects even when the patients are treated with standard medical therapy. Therefore, an increasing urgency exists to find more effective oxime reactivators for compounds which are resistant to reactivation, especially phosphoramidates. Here, we investigated in silico and in vitro interactions and kinetics of inhibition for human cholinesterases with four organophosphate pesticides-ethoprophos, fenamiphos, methamidophos and phosalone. Overall, ethoprophos and fenamiphos displayed higher potency as inhibitors for tested cholinesterases. Our results show that methamidophos-inhibited hAChE was more susceptible to reactivation than hAChE inhibited by fenamiphos by selected oximes. Molecular modelling enabled an evaluation of interactions important for specificity and selectivity of both inhibition and reactivation of cholinesterases. Two newly developed reactivators-bispyridinium triazole oxime 14A and zwitterionic oxime RS194B possess remarkable potential for further development of antidotes directed against pesticides and related phosphoramidate exposures, such as nerve agents tabun or Novichoks.
Phosalone (Pln) is an organophosphorus pesticide acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Blockade of AChE amplifies ACh signaling that is related to depressive symptoms. The effects of Pln exposure ...were evaluated on depressive behavior in mice and the involvement of muscarinic ACh receptor (MAChR) was assessed.
After measuring total activity in the locomotor test the immobility time during the forced swimming test (FST) in male mice was evaluated as an index of depression. Pln single dose was administered by gavage feeding and examined after 3 h (day1) and on day 7 for evaluating delayed toxicity. In separate groups Pln was administered for 5 consecutive days and examined on day 6 also after one-week delay on day12.
While there were only marginal differences in the locomotor tests. Immobility time during the FST significantly increased on day1 by Pln 6, 12, 40 mg/kg (185 ± 17 s, 186 ± 9 s, 172.0 ± 7 s respectively) compared with control animals (149 ± 8 s, p < 0.01), immobility time was higher than control on day 6 after multiple exposures to Pln (0.6, 6, 12, 20 mg/kg 190 ± 20s, 210 ± 4 s, 196 ± 10s, 204 ± 9 respectively, vs control 153 ± 7 p < 0.001). The immobility time remained high following a week of relapse. The co-administration of Pln with scopolamine (Scp) a MAChR antagonist reduced immobility time (141 ± 10s vs Pln 186 ± 9 s, p < 0.01).
Single exposure to Pln induced depressive-like effects that were reversed by Scp, indicating that MAChR stimulation may be involved. While cumulative exposures caused more pronounced changes in depressive behavior that remained after a week from the last exposure.
•Phosalone single dose induced depressive behavioral in mice.•Phosalone depressive effect was cumulative in multiple exposures.•Phosalone depressive effect could persist even after a week of exposure.•Phosalone induced behavioral changes was partly by the MAChR stimulation.
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a biomarker of organophosphorous and carbamate exposure in environmental and occupational human health, has been commonly used to identify potential safety ...liabilities. So far, many environmental chemicals, including drug candidates, food additives, and industrial chemicals, have not been thoroughly evaluated for their inhibitory effects on AChE activity. AChE inhibitors can have therapeutic applications (e.g., tacrine and donepezil) or neurotoxic consequences (e.g., insecticides and nerve agents).
The objective of the current study was to identify environmental chemicals that inhibit AChE activity using
and
models.
To identify AChE inhibitors rapidly and efficiently, we have screened the Toxicology in the 21st Century (Tox21) 10K compound library in a quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) platform by using the homogenous cell-based AChE inhibition assay and enzyme-based AChE inhibition assays (with or without microsomes). AChE inhibitors identified from the primary screening were further tested in monolayer or spheroid formed by SH-SY5Y and neural stem cell models. The inhibition and binding modes of these identified compounds were studied with time-dependent enzyme-based AChE inhibition assay and molecular docking, respectively.
A group of known AChE inhibitors, such as donepezil, ambenonium dichloride, and tacrine hydrochloride, as well as many previously unreported AChE inhibitors, such as chelerythrine chloride and cilostazol, were identified in this study. Many of these compounds, such as pyrazophos, phosalone, and triazophos, needed metabolic activation. This study identified both reversible (e.g., donepezil and tacrine) and irreversible inhibitors (e.g., chlorpyrifos and bromophos-ethyl). Molecular docking analyses were performed to explain the relative inhibitory potency of selected compounds.
Our tiered qHTS approach allowed us to generate a robust and reliable data set to evaluate large sets of environmental compounds for their AChE inhibitory activity. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6993.
AIM: To investigate the side effects of phosalone on intestinal cells and to evaluate benefits of ellagic acid(EA) as a remedy.METHODS: In order to conduct an in vivo study, a rat model was used. The ...rats were divided into ten groups based on the materials used in the experiment and their dosage. The first group was fed normally. The second group was administered EA through gavage. Next Four groups were given(1/3, 1/5, 1/10, 1/20) LD50 phosalone; an organophosphorus compound. The last four groups received(1/3, 1/5, 1/10, 1/20) LD50 phosalone and of EA. After one month, the rats were sacrificed and their colon cells were examined to evaluate the level of inflammation, proteins and oxidative stress markers.RESULTS: The results of this research show that phosalone elevates oxidative stress and changes the level of tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-α), interlukin-6β(IL-6β) and nuclear factor(NF)-κB proteins. EA administration reduced phosalone toxicity and changed oxidative stress and inflammatory markers for all phosalone doses. Overall changes in reduction of TNF-α(230.47 ± 16.55 pg/mg protein vs 546.43 ± 45.24 pg/mg protein, P < 0.001), IL-6β(15.85 ± 1.03 pg/mg protein vs 21.55 ± 1.3 pg/mg protein, P < 0.05), and NF-κB(32.47 ± 4.85 pg/mg protein vs 51.41 ± 0.71 pg/mg protein, P < 0.05) manifest that the efficacy of EA is more viable for 1/3 LD50 dose of phosalone. Furthermore, EA is effective to counteract the negative outcomes of oxidative stress. When EA was used to treat 1/3 LD50 of phosalone’s side effects, it improved the level of ACh E activity(48.5% ± 6% vs 25% ± 7%, P < 0.05), TTM(0.391 ± 0.008 mmol/L vs 0.249 ± 0.032 mmol/L, P < 0.05), FRAP(46.04 ± 5.005 μmol/L vs 18.22 ± 1.9 μmol/L, P < 0.01) and MPO(0.222 ± 0.019 U/mg protein vs 0.387 ± 0.04 U/mg protein, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This research highlights that EA is effective to alleviate the side effects of phosalone by reducing the level of oxidative stress and inflammatory proteins.
This study evaluated the toxic effects and recovery patterns in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after exposure to phosalone-based (PBP) and cypermethrin-based (CBP) pesticides. Initially, the 96 h LC50 ...values of the pesticides were calculated as being 5.35 µg of active ingredient (AI) L−1 for CBP and 217 µg AI L−1 for PBP based on measured concentrations. Accordingly, experimental groups were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of pesticides for 96 h, separately, and then zebrafish were transferred to pesticide-free conditions for 10 and 20 days recovery periods. Biochemical markers were assessed including carboxylesterase (CaE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT, AST) activities after the exposure and recovery periods. Also, the pesticide concentrations in test water were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Our results showed that AChE and CaE activities were significantly inhibited and GST was induced by both pesticides after 96 h exposure. For PBP exposure, the decreases for GST induction and CaE inhibition showed a partial recovery in pesticide-free conditions. However, the decreases in AChE activity for CBP exposure and insufficient increases in same enzyme activity for PBP exposure after 20 days in pesticide-free conditions indicated that the projected recovery period was not enough to the recovery of AChE activities and for the improvement of fish health.
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•The phosalone and cypermethrin based pesticides revealed a significant risk for adult zebrafish in sub-lethal concentrations.•After expose to sub-lethal concentrations of pesticides, a significant risk is still continued during recovery period.•Sub-lethal concentrations of the formulations caused significant alterations in selected biochemical markers.•Enzyme markers did not recruit even duration for the 10 days or 20 days of recovery period.
Pesticides application is expanding globally as the worldwide population increases demanding a secure and safe food supply. Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, as a group, are widely used because they ...are rapidly degraded in the environment and because they have excellent efficacy and an acceptable price point. However, the chemical fate of organophosphorus pesticides is influenced by several factors, including their chemistry in aquatic environments. Among many degradation choices, hydrolysis by metal ions appears to be a good approach. Dissolved metal ions have been shown to promote the hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides. Using silver ion, we showed the effectiveness under in vitro and in vivo conditions for this metal ion to decontaminate water polluted by the organophosphorus phosalone. Phosalone was completely degraded in the presence of silver ions in a mole ratio of 7:1 in 20 min. Rainbow trout were divided into experimental groups to investigate the most effective ratio of silver/phosalone for pesticide degradation. Silver ion (2%) at a concentration of 0.75 and 0.1 mL removed phosalone (2%) at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.5 mL. All the rainbow trout survived in these two groups. This experiment suggested that silver ions can be beneficial at ratios in the range of 1:4 to 1:6 by hydrolyzing phosalone by attacking the electron-deficient phosphorus atom in the pesticide
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