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•This research converts pine flower biomass waste into biobriquettes.•Biobriquettes from pine flower generally conform to the standards of several countries.•Biobriquettes have ...potential applications in bioenergy products.•Increased use of biobriquettes can help reduce reliance on forest wood for charcoal production.•There is a potential future market of biobriquettes from pine flower for household needs.
Pine-flower biomass waste is abundant, but its utilization is still lacking. This research converts pine-flower waste into biobriquettes by using pine resin adhesive. This study aims to identify the effect of pine resin adhesive concentration and the effect of grain size on the quality of the resulting biobriquettes. The production of biobriquettes begins by processing pine flower waste into biochar using the pyrolysis method at 400 °C. Biochar from pinecones was ground and sieved into sizes (250, 500, and 750 µm). Then proximate analysis (moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon), and heating value were performed. Making biobriquettes using pine resin adhesive with different concentrations (5, 10, and 15%) of the total mixture According to the results, the ideal grain size was 750 m, the adhesive concentration was 15%, and the moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, and heating value were all respectively 2.23%, 4.51%, 30.23%, 70.04%, and 23.34 MJ/kg, and the longest flame was also determined to be 0.0250 g/sec. All of them comply with universally accepted biobriquette standards (Indonesian National Standard 01–6235–2000), Japanese, English, and ISO 17225. Biobriquettes have potential applications in bioenergy products. Investigation of the economic feasibility of biobriquette production seen from Profit on Sales is 26.43%, Rate on Investment is 34.00%, Pay Out Time is 2.47 years, and Break Event Point is 49.22%.
Pine resin is a non-wood forest product that has been used for multiple purposes since ancient times throughout the world. In recent years, resin tapping activity has increased in countries that were ...historically producers, but in which it had practically disappeared since the late 1980 s, and is expected to grow in importance due to its bio-product nature. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the research work on the main factors modulating resin yield. A total of 205 papers were selected and classified according to their main topics. The species and its intraspecific genetic variation are two of the main factors influencing both the production and the quality of the resin obtained. The environmental factors most commonly studied and which in turn were the most successful when related to resin production, were temperature and water availability. Diameter at breast height was the most investigated dendrometric variable, although other variables such as total height or crown ratio were also studied, generally obtaining positive relationships between them and resin production. The resin ducts, which produce, secrete and transport resin through the tree, are the most influential anatomical variable and the focus of the anatomical research. Other factors that can modulate resin production are the presence of pests, which induce the tree’s immune response, and fire, with contradictory results on their effects. Finally, the extraction method and the stimulant paste used influence resin production, research is focusing on new extraction methods and more efficient and cheaper stimulant pastes with lower proportions of sulfuric acid. Although interest in and knowledge about resin tapping has increased in recent years, research needs to further develop and deepen the relationships between resin production and the different factors involved.
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•Publications on pine resin tapping have grown in recent years.•Climatic and dasometric variables are the most commonly used predictors of resin production.•Resin canals are the main anatomical structures involved in resin yield.•Research is focusing on new extraction methods and stimulants pastes.
•Dynamic accumulated resin yield models have been developed for maritime pine.•Resin yield accumulated during a resin tapping season follows a sigmoidal curve.•The best performing models were those ...derived from the Bertalanffy-Richards model.•The non-mechanized method fitted better than the mechanized method.
In southern Europe, especially in Spain and Portugal, maritime pine resin is one of the main non-timber forest products. After suffering a crisis at the end of the 20th century, it is currently a growing sector. In Spain, depending on the area, the management of pine forests is one of the pillars of the national bioeconomy. In addition to timber production, these forests may be oriented towards resin production only, or resin production as a complementary activity to timber production. In both cases, as in any sector, it is essential to have tools to manage and anticipate production, especially in the new context of the bioeconomy. For this reason, the aim of this study is to develop a dynamic model to estimate the accumulated resin yield during the resin production season. For this study, 180 trees from three plots located in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula were resin tapped using two extraction methods (non-mechanized and mechanized circular notching) and stimulant pastes. Four base models were used from which eight equations were derived using ADA and GADA techniques. The most efficient equations, both for modelling with the train data and for prediction with the test data, were those derived from the Bertalanffy-Richards model. The RRMSE was 23% for the non-mechanised method and 29% for the mechanised circular method. The results of this study make it possible to add the cumulative annual resin yield of maritime pine to the processes that the Bertalanffy-Richards equation is capable of modelling. Furthermore, the great versatility of these models will be of great use to the forest manager in optimising the annual harvesting season as well as for the scientific community.
•Raw pine resin in situ polymerization yielded increases in wood hydrophobicity.•The treatment also enhanced thermal and biological properties of the studied woods.•Dark pine wood parts with enhanced ...mechanical properties were reached.•SEM images and FTIR spectra confirmed the solidified resin within the wood.
A raw pine resin, which is a cheap, renewable and easily obtainable forest resource, was used to impregnate two different fast-growing solid woods (Eucalyptus grandis Hill Maiden and Pinus elliottii Engelm) and in situ polymerized to improve their hygroscopic, chemical, morphological, mechanical, and thermogravimetric properties. Biodegradation resistance against subterranean termites and white-rot fungus was also addressed. The treatment yielded changes in colorimetric properties, dimensional stability and surface hydrophobicity. Compared to its respective untreated wood, the treated pine one presented increases within 40–50 % in ASE, whereas the treated eucalyptus wood showed negative values around -15 % in this same comparison. Increases in MOE (70 %) and MOR (50 %) were obtained for the pine wood, whereas the same properties were unaffected for the eucalyptus wood. Thermal and biological properties of both woods were also positively affected. These results were associated with the solidified raw pine resin inside the wood structure, which was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and SEM images, especially for the pine due to its large and long tracheids, as well as its lignin content and overall composition.
The pine resin tapping have done by Perhutani on pine stand at age 11th (age class iii) to 34th (age class vii), whilst pine resin productivity at the end of age period (age class vii) undiscovered. ...The aims of this study are to determine the productivity of pine resin, the influence of the diameter class to productivity of pine resin, the value of the yield and a lot of quality pine resin resulting in age class VII in Perum Perhutani Regional Division of East Java KPH Jember. The method used in this study was the experimental method by using a completely randomized design in which the treatment used is class D1 = 26-30cm, class D2 = 31-35cm, class D3 = 36-40cm and class D4 = >40cm. Data analysis used is the analysis of variance ANOVA at 5% level and continued with LSD. The results showed that the productivity of Perhutani pine resin KU VII from KPH Jember ranging between 3.17 to 16.04 g/quaree/day, and 8.42 g/quaree/day in average. The diameter classes affect the productivity of pine resin. The resulting yield value at KU VII ranged from 89.6% to 95%, with an overall average recovery rate is 91.4% and the resulting quality of pine resin included in the Super Premium quality.
The pine resin tapping have done by Perhutani on pine stand at age 11th (age class iii) to 34th (age class vii), whilst pine resin productivity at the end of age period (age class vii) undiscovered. ...The aims of this study are to determine the productivity of pine resin, the influence of the diameter class to productivity of pine resin, the value of the yield and a lot of quality pine resin resulting in age class VII in Perum Perhutani Regional Division of East Java KPH Jember. The method used in this study was the experimental method by using a completely randomized design in which the treatment used is class D1 = 26-30cm, class D2 = 31-35cm, class D3 = 36-40cm and class D4 = >40cm. Data analysis used is the analysis of variance ANOVA at 5% level and continued with LSD. The results showed that the productivity of Perhutani pine resin KU VII from KPH Jember ranging between 3.17 to 16.04 g/quaree/day, and 8.42 g/quaree/day in average. The diameter classes affect the productivity of pine resin. The resulting yield value at KU VII ranged from 89.6% to 95%, with an overall average recovery rate is 91.4% and the resulting quality of pine resin included in the Super Premium quality.
Pine resin is a potential renewable non-wood product with a wide range of industrial applications and economic value. Masson pine (Pinus massoniana), the main tree species of pine resin in the world, ...is widely planted in Southern China. However, the resin tapping by traditional methods is performed in an open environment under the sun and rain, resulting in the continuous volatilization of turpentine components such as α-pinene and β-pinene and a loss of the turpentine. This reduced not only the yield of pine resin but also the quality of turpentine and rosin. In this study, a novel resin tapping method was explored by introducing film mulching to pine wounds. The experimental results showed that the mulching treatment was indeed beneficial for pine resin yield. The growth rate of resin yield was up to 55.46 % by transparent film treatment (TFM) when re-wounding was carried out every two days, and the collection was carried out every eight days. The relationship between turpentine content and pine resin yield was analyzed, and a positive relationship was observed. The increase in turpentine content after the film mulching treatment proved that the film mulching treatment could reduce the turpentine loss and thus increase pine resin yield. The turpentine composition and its content variation were analyzed by Gas chromatography (GC) and Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and correlated with turpentine content and pine resin yield. It was confirmed that the key components in turpentine indeed affect pine resin yield. This study can provide a simple and cost-effective method for effectively increasing the turpentine content and pine resin yield, which is economical for both the tapping industry and the pine resin processing industry.
•Mulch treatment of pine wounds can effectively prevent the reduction of turpentine.•TFM obtained the most production of pine resin.•The frequency of re-wounding every two days but collection every eight days is the optimal.•Twelve components in turpentine were analyzed.
Beeswax and resinous materials have been used and combined since ancient times to obtain adhesives. In this work, we studied mixtures of these two materials under heating to investigate the effect of ...their interactions on the properties of the resulting adhesive. The results were then compared with those of archaeological samples, to obtain new insights into ancient technological knowledge. This study was performed by combining two different chemical-analytical techniques: evolved gas analysis coupled with mass spectrometry and flow injection analysis-high resolution mass spectrometry. Evolved gas analysis was used to investigate the thermal behavior of the mixtures and obtain information on production techniques and ageing processes. The data were processed by isoconversional method to estimate the activation energies associated with the thermal degradation of the adhesives. The results suggested that archaeological mixtures were subjected to a thermal pre-treatment before their use as adhesives and that heating led to a material with new chemical features, due to the formation of hybrid species between resin diterpenes and the beeswax compounds. The formation of these species was confirmed by high resolution mass spectrometry.
•We studied the chemistry of adhesive mixtures of resinous substances and beeswax.•Reference and archaeological adhesives studied by EGA-MS and FIA-HRMS.•Isoconversional methods to estimate activation energy for pyrolysis of adhesives.•Apparent activation energies of archaeological mixtures suggest cross-linking.•Hybrid esters are generated from the resin/beeswax interaction under heating.
In this study, aggregate pumices are used to produce new construction materials with low density. Pumices are grinded and then classified according to their maximum grain diameter, namely dmax ≤ ...5 mm, dmax ≤ 10 mm and dmax ≤ 20 mm. The cement is added into each group as the binder material. The pumice ratios in the specimens are estimated to be 20, 40, 60 and 80% of the total volume. Moreover, pine resin (approximately 1% of cement + pumice mixture) is added to concrete grout to generate artificial pores in each specimen group. The prepared samples are dried during 28 days at room temperature and then the thermo-mechanical measurements are carried out. It was observed that, as the pumice ratio and particle diameter increase, the porosity and water absorption increase, but density, thermal conductivity and compressive strength decrease. Some artificial pores (in addition to pumice pores) are generated in concrete blocks, leading to improvement of insulation properties of the material. The thermal concutivity respectively decreases as 8-15%, 7-12% and 5-13% for the resin-mixed samples with dmax ≤ 5 mm, dmax ≤ 10 mm and dmax ≤ 20 mm. Similarly, the compressive strength values drop 10–13%, 6–10% and 8–12% respectively for each dimeter group.
Resins are one of the first sites of interaction between plants and biotic and abiotic factors. Despite their evident morphological and chemical differentiation from other plant organs, the detailed ...correlation between resins and biological or environmental factors is not yet clear. In this study, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)-based profiling techniques were applied to the metabolic characterisation of plant resins of different species and season of collection, using samples from five different species that were collected during early and late spring. The 1H NMR analysis confirmed the main metabolic groups in the resins to be terpenoids and further GC-MS analysis revealed a notable chemical variation between the species and collection periods. Abies grandis displayed a significant differentiation from the other species, showing a higher number of monoterpenes. The HPTLC-based profiling method hyphenated with multivariate data analysis (MVDA) also showed a clear separation confirming the GC-MS terpenoidal profiling results. Additionally, the unknown compounds were obtained by preparative TLC for identification. Based on the results of the three analytical platforms, it was concluded that the major difference in chemical composition of pine species was between species rather than the collection period. Nonetheless, the chemical profiles of resins from different species and collection periods can be well discriminated and correlated to mono- and sesquiterpenes in the case of species and diterpenes for the collection periods.
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•Pine resins of five species collected at different time points were analysed by metabolomics.•Terpenoids were the main variable metabolites.•Variation (principally in monoterpenes) between species was greater than between collection times.•High performance TLC was found to be an informative analytical technique for plant metabolomics.
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