Reducing the salt, sugar and fat content of food is recognised worldwide as one of the strategies available for reducing the incidence of obesity and non-communicable diseases. The food industry has ...a major influence on achieving these goals by preserving intrinsic (chemical and sensory properties) and modifying extrinsic (food packaging and other external information) food attributes that can influence purchasing decisions. This article is a literature review of studies that analyse the influence of intrinsic and/or extrinsic attributes on consumer product preference and purchasing decisions.
A keyword search for relevant studies was conducted using Web of Science, an interdisciplinary electronic resource. Articles from other sources were also included and systematically reviewed.
The search string identified 266 results. Thirty-eight articles were included in the final analysis and coded according to intrinsic and extrinsic food attributes, reformulated nutrient, food category, condition, research methods, consumer response, study location and sample size. There are several authors investigating the effect of intrinsic rather than extrinsic product attributes. Most research deals with processed foods in the category of milk and dairy products, followed by sweetened fruit juices, meat products, sweets and bread. Salt content is the attribute most often reduced, followed by sugar and fat.
Consumers find it hard to swap potential health benefits for hedonic attributes. When evaluating products in expected conditions, they usually rate the reformulated product more highly than the conventional one, while in informed conditions they usually choose the regular product. When products are labelled with a traffic light or nutritional warnings, consumers opt for a reformulated product, even in informed conditions. This review highlights the heterogeneity between food groups, and the fact that many factors influence consumers' product preferences and purchasing decisions. The product should be analysed as a whole and tested in blind, expected and informed conditions, as each individual factor represents a phase of the consumer purchasing decision. The extent of nutrient reduction should be determined by calculating the difference threshold, and the industry should reformulate products gradually based on how consumers detect the reduction.
Predmet študije je analiza zvena (ang. timbre) solističnih pevskih glasov na zvočnih posnetkih v odvisnosti od akustičnih pogojev izvedbenih prostorov. Dvorane, v katerih se izvaja glasba v živo brez ...dodatnega ozvočenja, se med seboj razlikujejo tako po funkcionalnosti kot po fizičnih in akustičnih lastnostih. Različni prostorski pogoji vplivajo na poslušalca, pa tudi na izvajalca glasbe. Danostim prostora se oba do neke mere prilagajata: poslušalec z zaznavo, pevec pa mestoma tudi z načinom fonacije.
The vast majority of European countries are struggling to embrace nursing as a profession and as a science. There are still not enough nurses with bachelor’s degrees and advanced practical skills, ...and clinical specialisations for nurses are being developed at the master’s level. Attention should be paid to recognising nurses as an equal healthcare workforce who need to be empowered to advance their profession and be provided with professional development opportunities. Changes needed include improving pay and working conditions, providing opportunities to improve skills and professional recognition, empowering nurses to deliver care, and harnessing the power of technology to better support nurses. The declining interest in nursing education and the often stereotypical and condescending view of the role and work of nurses on the healthcare team should be a warning signal to all who are working on healthcare reform.
This book is about learning styles and inclusion, but essentially it is about learning, and how to make learning more effective for all learners. To recognise the needs of learners as well as those ...of teachers, and at the same time appreciate that the inclusive education environment, irrespective of its merits, will present barriers for learners, and for teachers. The message in this book is that learning styles can provide teachers with an opportunity to recognise individual needs, and at the same time recognise the needs of all learners in inclusive and diverse learning environments. This book is therefore suitable for professionals and parents in every country. Following the table of contents, Acknowledgements, and the Introduction, it is divided into three parts. Part I, How Children Learn, contains the first three chapters: (1) Learning Models and the Learning Cycle; (2) Learning Differences and Learning Styles; and (3) The Role of the Learning Environment . Part II, Learning Styles, continues with the next three chapters: (4) Background to Learning Styles; (5) Assessment of Learning Styles; and (6) Learning Styles--Learning and Teaching. Part 3, Inclusion, presents the next two chapters: (7) The Inclusive School--Characteristics and Challenges; and (8) Learning Styles in the Inclusive Context. Part IV, Effective Learning, contains the final two chapters: (9) Promoting Effective Learning; and (10) Learning Styles--Strategies and Insights. Appended are: (1) Books and articles, followed by a glossary, references, and an index.
Članek predstavlja izsledke korpusne analize pojavnosti angleških naklonskih glagolov v glagolskih besednih zvezah ter polnopomenskih glagolov, ki se navezujejo na naklonske glagole v ‘splošnih ...prodajnih pogojih’. ‘Splošni prodajni pogoji’ so pravno zavezujoči dokumenti s področja prodaje, ki določajo obveznosti in pravice prodajalcev in kupcev pri transakciji blaga za plačilo. Z našo raziskavo smo ugotovili, da so najpogostejši naklonski glagoli v teh dokumentih glagoli shall, will, may, must in can ter, da sta glagolski besedni zvezi ‚modal+infinitive’ and ‘modal+be+past participle’ prisotni najpogosteje. Nadalje, analiza je razkrila prisotnost kar 718 različnih polnopomenskih glagolov, ki označujejo dejanja, stanja in pogoje, ki so povezani s prodajo in nakupom blaga. Izsledki naše analize so skladni z namenom in značilnostmi teh dokumentov. Raziskava je primer, kako se pomen in značilnosti pravnega besedilnega žanra s področja komerciale kažejo skozi določeno slovnično kategorijo, t.j. skozi naklonske ter polnopomenske glagole.
The knowledge of the biogenic amines present in wine is important to consumers in terms of their potential threats of toxicity to human and to wine producers as a result of market impact. In the ...scientific field, biogenic amines have the potential to be applied as indicators of food spoilage. Biogenic amines are essential at low concentrations for metabolic and physiological functions in animals, plants, and microorganisms, but at high concentrations can induce adverse reactions in susceptible individuals. Despite the intensive research aimed at determining and reduction of biogenic amines, our current knowledge remains far from complete. However, a number of factors that influence the biogenic amines concentration in red wine have been already described. Most of them are related to the winemaking conditions in the cellars and some of them are environmental factors. During winemaking it is important to consider all factors beginning from viticulture practices, alcoholic and malolactic fermentation and physiochemical composition of wine, as well as, aging and storage of wine. This paper reviews changes of the concentration of biogenic amines depending on technological processing of grape and wine.
The concept of health-promoting leadership focuses on the interaction between the organization and the individual by identifying components able to positively influence employees’ working conditions. ...In the present study, the effects of health-promoting leadership and transformational leadership on the employees’ recovery–stress balance are investigated. In an online study, 212 Slovenian workers were asked about their perceptions of their direct supervisors and their work-related stress and recovery. The results showed that both leadership styles have a significant effect on employees’ recovery at the workplace, which mediated the relationship between leadership and work-related stress.
The aim of this article was to analyse the retold experiences of 27 survivors from the 1990s war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. I have examined verbal markers of reconciliation and implacability and ...analysed the described terms for reconciliation that are being actualized in the narratives. The material for the study was gathered through qualitative interviews with 27 individuals who survived the war in north-western Bosnia and Herzegovina. This study joins those narrative traditions within sociology where oral presentations are seen as both discursive- and experience-based. In addition, I perceive the concept of reconciliation as an especially relevant component in those specific stories that I analysed. Stories on implacability, reconciliation, and conditions for reconciliation are not shaped only in relation to the war as a whole but also in relation to an individual's wartime actions and those of others. In these stories, implacability is the predominant feature, but reconciliation is said to be possible if certain conditions are met. Examples of these conditions are justice for war victims, perpetrator recognition of crimes, and emotional commitment from the perpetrator (by showing remorse and shame, for example). Previous research on post-war society emphasized structural violence with subsequent reconciliation processes. Researchers have focused on the importance of narratives, but they have neither analysed conditions for reconciliation in post-war interviews. This article tries to fill this gap by analysing the stories told by survivors of the Bosnian war during the 1990s.
V prispevku avtorici obravnavata opredelitev javnega interesa v Nacionalnem programu izobraževanja odraslih na treh prednostnih področjih. Prikazujeta, koliko so k uresničevanju javnega interesa ...prispevale ljudske univerze, predvsem na prvem prednostnem področju – splošnem neformalnem izobraževanju odraslih. Osredotočili sta se na finančne razmere, v katerih so ljudske univerze v obdobju 2005–2008 izvajale programe v javnem interesu. Analiza je pokazala na izrazito nestabilne finančne razmere poslovanja. To je vodilo v nadaljnje zamiranje splošnega neformalnega izobraževanja odraslih in zmanjševanje udeležbe odraslih v izobraževanju. Po mnenju avtoric je nujno z ustrezno zakonsko ureditvijo in opredelitvami v Nacionalnem programu 2011–2015 zagotoviti uravnoteženo, stabilno, zadostno in učinkovito financiranje javnih izobra ževalnih organizacij za izobraževanja na vseh treh prednostnih področjih, še posebno pa na prvem, ki je ključnega pomena za demokratizacijo družbe in aktivno udeležbo odraslih v družbenih procesih. Ljudske univerze so in ostajajo med ključnimi izvajalkami na tem področju.
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