The publication includes unique and previously inaccessible documents from the archives of the communist secret service, revealing the fate of Julian Bachynsky (1870-1940). Public and political ...figure, brilliant publicist, author of the famous book "Ukraine Irredenta" (1895), which justified the need to create an independent Ukrainian state, a former diplomat of the UPR, he in late 1933 with his daughter Elena came to Kharkov. Having started working in the editorial office of the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia, Yu. Bachynsky did not suspect that fate would soon change dramatically. The publication is designed for anyone interested in history.
Background: Content of the archival file that contains the documentation of the review process of the scholarly book titled Rome and the Renaissance. From the History of Roman Ideology written by ...Borys Łapicki.Research purpose: (1) Presentation of difficulties related to the review process of the Łapicki book, which, despite numerous attempts by the Lodz Scholarly Society, was not completed successfully. (2) Confronting the difficulties encountered with the position held by Łapicki in the Polish post-war scientific world. (3) An attempt to reconstruct the content of the book.Methods: An analysis of the archival sources collected in the surviving file that contains documentation of the review process. Reconstruction of the surviving passages of the book.Conclusions: (1) Most of the candidates who received an offer to review the book rejected it. (2) Reviewers who prepared their opinions on the book were largely critical of its content as well as the applied methodology, but no one publicly expressed the opinion that the book should not be published. (3) No surviving typescript of the book makes it impossible to clearly verify the opinions, but surviving (reconstructed) passages of the book allow one to note their significant disadvantages.
The article is focused on assessing the foreign policy of the Roman Empire on its eastern borders during the reign of Nero. The research was aimed to reveal a wide range of circumstances associated ...with his eastern military campaign. The Emperor was known to actively prepare for the action. The campaign, however, is believed to have been cancelled shortly after. Based on both written accounts and archaeological record, the authors conclude that the eastern campaign eventually became a reality. The allied Alans’ army, together with not so numerous Roman troops, has managed to conquer the population of the northeast Black Sea coast and then even reached the North Caucasus. While being there, and according to the initial plan, the army was supposed to protect northern territories of the newly established Province of Pontus, with the Bosporan Kingdom as a part of it.
The current transformation of many Eastern European societies is impossible to understand without comprehending the intellectual struggles surrounding nationalism in the region. Anthropologist ...Katherine Verdery shows how the example of Romania suggests that current ethnic tensions come not from a resurrection of pre-Communist Nationalism but from the strengthening of national ideologies under Communist Party rule.
The Grand Pensionary (Dutch: raadpensionaris) of Holland was often seen by his contemporaries as the leader of the Dutch Republic. This is not surprising. Holland was the most powerful region, and, ...in practice, the Grand Pensionary of Holland therefore determined politics not only in his own region, but often also in the States General. Historians have also questioned whether he was a servant (minister) or director (prime minister) of the States of Holland. To gain a better understanding of what the somewhat ambiguous office of Grand Pensionary entailed, Jaap de Haan compares the administration of three seventeenth-century office holders: Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Johan de Witt and Gaspar Fagel. He distinguishes an administrative, an executive, a political and a representative function. The first minister in Spain, England, France, Sweden and Brandenburg – the counterpart of the Grand Pensionary – also exercised these four functions. The Grand Pensionary of Holland can therefore be considered the prime minister of the Republic.
The transformations of the Spanish political scene, which took place as a consequence of the crisis that the country has been struggling with since 2008, led to the formation of the so-called ...fragmented multi-party system and the emergence of new groups, among which the Vox party gained a strong position. A right-wing grouping with Santiago Abascal as its leader was formed at the turn of 2013 and 2014. Thanks to the result achieved in the elections to the Cortes Generales in November 2019, it became the third force in the Congress of Deputies. The Vox program strongly distinguishes the party from other political forces in Spain. The most important goals of the grouping include: the defense of national unity, the liquidation of autonomous communities and the creation of a unitary state, the fight against illegal immigration, and the reform of many sectors of public life. The purpose of the article is to trace the Vox party’s path to electoral success.
The takeover of power in Poland by Communists after World War II was determined by the actions of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The article shows when the variant of the ...establishment by Kremlin of the 17th Soviet Republic in Poland ceased to function as a strategic goal of the USSR and was replaced by a program of permanent dependence and “Sovietisation” of Poland. The paper defines also the role and impact of the Communist party. Initially, the leader of the USSR wanted to keep the external features of independence of the countries liberated by the Red Army. This was due to international considerations. The article analyzes the strategy and tactics of Stalin’s actions both internationally and internally in Poland. It shows the synergy of Moscow’s actions in relation to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. It indicates where the Kremlin’s strength in the international arena came from and why the attitude of Great Britain and the USA in the late war period created Moscow comfortable conditions for subjugation of Central and Eastern Europe. It shows why the United States and Great Britain were unable to successfully oppose the Kremlin’s imperial plans until the spring of 1946.
The study describes developments in Czechoslovakia from the liberation from Nazi rule to the definitive takeover of power by the communists. It focuses mainly on Slovakia. It brings a view to the ...most important circumstances that determined the political scene in Slovakia. The author briefly mentions the successive reduction of power of Slovak national organs through the three Prague agreements. He captures political developments in Slovakia and the struggle between the Democratic Party and the Communist Party of Slovakia. The study also focuses on the autumn crisis in Slovakia in 1947, which led to the defeat of the Democratic Party. The so-called anti-state conspiracy, fabricated by State Security through violence and torture, was a major means of curtailing the power of the Democratic Party. The events of February 1948 and the final victory of the communists in Czechoslovakia were also reflected in Slovakia. The Slovak communists illegally deprived the leaders of the Democratic Party of their powers and, more peacefully than in the Czech lands, took control into their hands.
The end of the communist dictatorship in Poland in 1989 was tantamount to the necessity of changing the manner of the functioning of the existent special services. The book presents the model of ...change of the civil special services between 1989 and 1990, when the communistSecurity Service was liquidated, and the Of ce for State Protection was appointed with the act of 6 April 1990. The author describes the process and demonstrates that in Poland both the “option zero” and “continuation” models were rejected and a “hybrid” model was adopted instead.
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