This collection of specially commissioned articles looks at fragmented habitats, bringing together recent theoretical advances and empirical studies applying the metapopulation approach. Several ...chapters closely integrate ecology with genetics and evolutionary biology, and others illustrate how metapopulation concepts and models can be applied to answer questions about conservation, epidemiology, and speciation. The extensive coverage of theory from highly regarded scientists and the many substantive applications in this one-of-a-kind work make it invaluable to graduate students and researchers in a wide range of disciplines.
* Provides a comprehensive and authoritative account of all aspects of metapopulation biology, integrating ecology, genetics, and evolution * Developed by recognized experts, including Hanski who won the Balzan Prize for Ecological Sciences* Covers novel applications of the metapopulation approach to conservation
Poor accessibility to Valtellina, a territorial reality taken as an example, has negatively affected both economic development and demographic dynamics. However, in the last century, the Valtellina ...never underwent emigration to the point of determining a decline in the number of inhabitants. Depopulation did not take place due to an exodus from the valley towards other areas, but from the communities located at higher altitudes towards the valley floor. As the processes of industrialization and urbanization progressively emerged, the inhabitants of those communities, given their geographical position, which was also unfavourable in relation to the nearest town, have increasingly felt the lack of a “use of the city”. Abandoning their homes, they poured into the valley floor, close to the nearest cities, where often new buildings were constructed on agricultural fields. The process of social disintegration has a correspondence with environmental degradation. The abandonment of mountain pastures and vineyards and, consequently, the disappearance of soil maintenance, has given way to the uncontrolled expansion of uncultivated forests and, above all, increasing phenomena of hydrogeological instability. It therefore seems necessary to start an adequate development process through infrastructural intervention and the implementation of a careful policy of planning measures in which the environment, local resources and productive specificities become the promoters of renewed development. La Valtellina: popolazione esistente e abbandono degli abitati in alta quota La scarsa accessibilità della Valtellina, realtà territoriale presa a campione, inibendo lo sviluppo economico, ha influito negativamente anche sulla dinamica demografica. Tuttavia la Valtellina nel secolo scorso non ha mai subito emigrazioni di tale rilevanza da determinare nel lungo periodo un calo di abitanti. Lo spopolamento non è avvenuto per un esodo dalla valle verso l’esterno bensì dai comuni montani situati alle quote altimetriche superiori verso il fondovalle. Affermatisi progressivamente i processi di industrializzazione e di urbanizzazione, gli abitanti di quei comuni, data la loro posizione geografica, sfavorita anche rispetto alle più vicine città di fondovalle, hanno sentito in misura crescente la mancanza di “uso di città”. Abbandonate le proprie dimore, si sono riversati nel fondovalle, presso le città più vicine, dove spesso i nuovi edifici sono stati costruiti su campi agricoli. Al processo di disgregazione sociale è corrisposto il degrado ambientale. Vi è stato l’abbandono degli alpeggi e dei vigneti e, di conseguenza, è venuta meno la manutenzione del suolo, con un’incontrollata espansione del bosco incolto e, soprattutto, con progressivi fenomeni di dissesto idrogeologico. Pare così necessario avviare un adeguato processo di sviluppo attraverso un intervento infrastrutturale e avviando un’attenta politica degli interventi in cui l’ambiente, le risorse locali, le specificità produttive diventino promotori di un rinnovato sviluppo.
One of the main debate topics between citizens and people who manage public property is urban quality of life. The project aims to evaluate the spatial distribution of basic primary services (such as ...pharmacies, doctors' offices and shops that sell all the basic necessities) concerning people with reduced mobility, in order to provide cognitive tools in support of a land-use planning (managed by local authorities), which meets the needs of the resident population. We decided to consider the village of Tivoli. The city shows some service management issues, mainly due to the presence of two portions with reduced intermobility. As regards the analysis of population, starting from the sections of ISTAT data, we evaluated the distribution of the population characterized by reduced mobility in the different parts, related to the onset of chronic diseases in age groups above 60 years. This study aims to suggest local authorities to optimize the redistribution of the above-written services and to improve the accessibility for people with reduced mobility.
One of the main debate topics between citizens and people who manage public property is urban quality of life. The project aims to evaluate the spatial distribution of basic primary services (such as ...pharmacies, doctors' offices and shops that sell all the basic necessities) concerning people with reduced mobility, in order to provide cognitive tools in support of a land-use planning (managed by local authorities), which meets the needs of the resident population. We decided to consider the village of Tivoli. The city shows some service management issues, mainly due to the presence of two portions with reduced intermobility. As regards the analysis of population, starting from the sections of ISTAT data, we evaluated the distribution of the population characterized by reduced mobility in the different parts, related to the onset of chronic diseases in age groups above 60 years. This study aims to suggest local authorities to optimize the redistribution of the above-written services and to improve the accessibility for people with reduced mobility.
Many historical processes exhibit recurrent patterns of change. Century-long periods of population expansion come before long periods of stagnation and decline; the dynamics of prices mirror ...population oscillations; and states go through strong expansionist phases followed by periods of state failure, endemic sociopolitical instability, and territorial loss. Peter Turchin and Sergey Nefedov explore the dynamics and causal connections between such demographic, economic, and political variables in agrarian societies and offer detailed explanations for these long-term oscillations--what the authors call secular cycles.
In the hypothesis of wanting to economize the consumption of land, applying to this aim a reasoning based on the exhaustibility of this resource, it is appropriate that it increases the intensity of ...use within the limits of the achievement of carrying capabilities (load capacity), which the portion of territory can support. The informative heritage offered by Istat is certainly valuable, as in the division of the territory into sections of Census is able to show changes in land use nationally. In fact, the allocation of variables detected in the various censuses, in reference to the minimum territorial unit, are able to qualify with measurable data concepts of urban areas rather than industrial or rural. In this respect, ISTAT classifies Census sections in four types which can be considered a great many broad categories of land use. In particular, this study proposes an analysis of the changes shown by the location of the town, which corresponds a higher population density. The methodology used by ISTAT for the demarcation of the resort towns starts from the observation of aerial photos, identifying areas containing buildings which are separated by a distance not exceeding 70 meters. Among the different types of evolution that occurred in residential areas, some are attributable exclusively to the improvement of the resolution of the material, so will be assessed properly the "convoluted" from the center of town to the other "lower-ranking". By overlapping sections used in censuses from 1991 to 2011, we obtain the expansion of urban previous polygons, which are attributed to the socio-demographic characteristics found in this survey. This procedure must be carefully evaluated before making the various comparisons, in order to avoid possible errors. In this preliminary study, we present some rough calculations, and critical cases that are going to develop in later works.
In the hypothesis of wanting to economize the consumption of land, applying to this aim a reasoning based on the exhaustibility of this resource, it is appropriate that it increases the intensity of ...use within the limits of the achievement of carrying capabilities (load capacity), which the portion of territory can support. The informative heritage offered by Istat is certainly valuable, as in the division of the territory into sections of Census is able to show changes in land use nationally. In fact, the allocation of variables detected in the various censuses, in reference to the minimum territorial unit, are able to qualify with measurable data concepts of urban areas rather than industrial or rural. In this respect, ISTAT classifies Census sections in four types which can be considered a great many broad categories of land use. In particular, this study proposes an analysis of the changes shown by the location of the town, which corresponds a higher population density. The methodology used by ISTAT for the demarcation of the resort towns starts from the observation of aerial photos, identifying areas containing buildings which are separated by a distance not exceeding 70 meters. Among the different types of evolution that occurred in residential areas, some are attributable exclusively to the improvement of the resolution of the material, so will be assessed properly the "convoluted" from the center of town to the other "lower-ranking". By overlapping sections used in censuses from 1991 to 2011, we obtain the expansion of urban previous polygons, which are attributed to the socio-demographic characteristics found in this survey. This procedure must be carefully evaluated before making the various comparisons, in order to avoid possible errors. In this preliminary study, we present some rough calculations, and critical cases that are going to develop in later works.
Kafka non è stato un impiegato passivo e distratto. Recenti studi sui suoi documenti di lavoro hanno evidenziato una passione e una competenza professionale notevoli. Questa competenza è stata ...riversata nelle sue opere letterarie che parlano di lavoro e di organizzazioni con una conoscenza diretta. Lo stile simbolista di Kafka è stato molto efficace nel cambiare il modo di vedere le organizzazioni. Lo scrittore, in particolare, ha intuito la crescita degli ultimi anni della popolazione eccedente. Kafka ha saputo afferrare la psicologia e gli atteggiamenti profondi dei lavoratori che fronteggiano la loro superfluità e l’espulsione dal mondo del lavoro. Più in dettaglio, Kafka è stato capace di analizzare la resa psicologica alla superfluità che si esprime soprattutto con una specifica forma di “vuoto mentale”. Parole chiave: , disoccupazione, Kafka, narrazioni del lavoro
Presentiamo gli esiti di una ricerca svolta negli archivi storici comunali di Massa Lombarda, Russi e Bagnacavallo sul tema dell'alimentazione durante la seconda guerra mondiale. Si sono analizzate ...le funzioni affidate ai Comuni, le condizioni alimentari dei tre comuni rurali e le reazioni alle privazioni della popolazione. Attraverso lo studio di un caso locale abbiamo cercato di cogliere gli aspetti generali che caratterizzano il vettovagliamento del fronte interno italiano.
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