Advances in biology are providing deeper insights into how early experiences are built into the body with lasting effects on learning, behavior, and health. Numerous evaluations of interventions for ...young children facing adversity have demonstrated multiple, positive effects but they have been highly variable and difficult to sustain or scale. New research on plasticity and critical periods in development, increasing understanding of how gene-environment interaction affects variation in stress susceptibility and resilience, and the emerging availability of measures of toxic stress effects that are sensitive to intervention provide much-needed fuel for science-informed innovation in the early childhood arena. This growing knowledge base suggests 4 shifts in thinking about policy and practice: (1) early experiences affect lifelong health, not just learning; (2) healthy brain development requires protection from toxic stress, not just enrichment; (3) achieving breakthrough outcomes for young children facing adversity requires supporting the adults who care for them to transform their own lives; and (4) more effective interventions are needed in the prenatal period and first 3 years after birth for the most disadvantaged children and families. The time has come to leverage 21st-century science to catalyze the design, testing, and scaling of more powerful approaches for reducing lifelong disease by mitigating the effects of early adversity.
Spiritual Change (SC) is one of 5 domains of posttraumatic growth (PTG). The current Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) assesses this area of growth with only 2 items, one focusing on religiosity ...and the other focusing on spiritual understanding. The addition of 4 newly developed spiritual–existential change (SEC) items, creating an expanded PTGI (Posttraumatic Growth Inventory‐X), reflects a diversity of perspectives on spiritual–existential experiences that are represented in different cultures. Samples were obtained from 3 countries: the United States (n = 250), Turkey (n = 502), and Japan (n = 314). Analyses indicated that the newly added items capture additional experiences of growth outside traditional religious concepts, yet still are correlated with the original SC items, especially in the U.S. and Turkish samples. Relationships of the PTGI‐X to established predictors of PTG, event‐related rumination, and core beliefs, were as predicted in all 3 countries. The new 6‐item SEC factor demonstrated high internal reliability, and the 5‐factor structure of the expanded scale was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The resulting 25‐item PTGI‐X can be used as a validated instrument in a wide range of samples in which traditional religious beliefs are less dominant.
Resumen
Spanish s by the Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET)
El cambio espiritual (CE) es uno de los 5 dominios del crecimiento postraumático (CPT). El actual inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático (ICP) evalúa esta área del crecimiento con solo 2 ítems, uno que se focaliza en la religiosidad y otro que se enfoca en el entendimiento espiritual. La incorporación de 4 ítems nuevos desarrollados sobre cambio espiritual‐existencial (CES), la creación de un ICPT expandido (Inventario de crecimiento postraumático‐X), refleja una diversidad de perspectivas sobre experiencias espirituales‐existenciales que son representadas en diferentes culturas. Se obtuvieron muestras de 3 países, EEUU (n = 250), Turquía (n = 502), y Japón (n = 314). Los análisis indicaron que los nuevos ítems agregados capturan experiencias adicionales de crecimiento fuera de los conceptos religiosos tradicionales, y aun así están correlacionados con los ítems originales de CE, especialmente en las muestras de EEUU y Turquía. Las relaciones del ICPT ‐X a predictores establecidos de CPT, rumiación relacionada con el evento y creencias centrales, fueron predichas en los 3 países. El nuevo factor CES de 6 ítems demostró una alta confiabilidad interna, y la estructura de 5 factores de la escala expandida fue apoyada por un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Los 25 factores resultantes del ICPT ‐X pueden ser utilizados como un instrumento validado en un amplio rango de muestras en las cuales las creencias religiosas tradicionales son menos dominantes.
摘要
Traditional and Simplified Chinese s by AsianSTSS
標題: 創傷後成長量表༚結合存在與心靈改變的修訂
撮要: 心靈改變(SC)是創傷後成長(PTG)的5個領域之一。目前的創傷後成長量表(PTGI)只利用兩方面評估心靈改變༚宗教信仰程度和靈性上的理解。創傷後成長量表加長版(PTGIX)則包含了新增的4個心靈與存在改變(SEC)項目, 這些新增項目能反映不同文化裡對心靈與存在體驗的多元看法。我們從3個國家取得樣本༚美國 (n = 250)、土耳其 (n = 502)和日本 (n = 314)。分析顯示, 特別在美國和土耳其的樣本裡, 新增項目能包含傳統信仰概念以外的成長體驗, 而這些新增項目仍跟本來的SC項目相關。在3個國家裡, PTGIX跟已確立的PTG預測變量、事件相關的反芻和核心信念的關係也符合預測。這個新的由6個項目組成的SEC因素內在信度為高, 而加長版的量表有5個因素結構, 受驗證性因素分析支持。這個共包含25個項目的PTGI‐X是個受驗證的工具, 能被廣泛用於傳統宗教信仰不如從前般主導的地方。
标题: 创伤后成长量表༚结合存在与心灵改变的修订
撮要: 心灵改变(SC)是创伤后成长(PTG)的5个领域之一。目前的创伤后成长量表(PTGI)只利用两方面评估心灵改变༚宗教信仰程度和灵性上的理解。创伤后成长量表加长版(PTGIX)则包含了新增的4个心灵与存在改变(SEC)项目, 这些新增项目能反映不同文化里对心灵与存在体验的多元看法。我们从3个国家取得样本༚美国 (n = 250)、土耳其 (n = 502)和日本 (n = 314)。分析显示, 特别在美国和土耳其的样本里, 新增项目能包含传统信仰概念以外的成长体验, 而这些新增项目仍跟本来的SC项目相关。在3个国家里, PTGIX跟已确立的PTG预测变量、事件相关的反刍和核心信念的关系也符合预测。这个新的由6个项目组成的SEC因素内在信度为高, 而加长版的量表有5个因素结构, 受验证性因素分析支持。这个共包含25个项目的PTGI‐X是个受验证的工具, 能被广泛用于传统宗教信仰不如从前般主导的地方。
Presenteeism-going to work while ill-is a widespread phenomenon worldwide. Previous research has concentrated mainly on its negative effects. This study investigates the positive consequences of ...presenteeism derived from a comprehensive content model of presenteeism that was developed on the basis of negative effects. In a quantitative online-survey employees (
= 181) rated the degree of experienced or potential positive effects depending on whether they had worked while ill (75%) or not (25%) during the previous year. Results revealed that all postulated positive effects described in the content model were relevant. Most positive effects were rated significantly higher by participants who had shown presenteeism in comparison to those who had not. The positive effects significantly predicted presenteeism propensity (adjusted
= 0.20) for participants having shown presenteeism. In addition, an overall rating of positive effects was significantly related to presenteeism, however, to a lesser degree. Overall, the results demonstrate the applicability of the content model to positive effects of presenteeism. They point to the need for further investigation of them and their consideration for the management of presenteeism.
Although the close positive relationship between well-being and exercise adherence has been confirmed by numerous studies, it is still unclear whether this relationship exists for children and ...adolescents, because previous research mainly focuses on adults. The present review systematically explored the relationship between well-being ranging from individual to social aspects and exercise adherence based on extant studies. Seven studies including both quantitative and qualitative studies were analyzed. The results showed that well-being was not related to exercise adherence as strongly as expected. In some cases, well-being was even negatively associated with exercise adherence. Limited sample size, insensitive measurement of exercise adherence, gender, and mental and physical condition of children and adolescents might partially influence the relationship between well-being and exercise studies. However, the studies at hand are still in their infancy. More studies on the relationship between well-being and exercise adherence are needed for children and adolescents, especially in non-western countries.
Traumatic experiences in childhood can alter behavioural responses and increase the risk for psychopathologies across life, not only in the exposed individuals but also in their progeny. In some ...conditions, such experiences can however be beneficial and facilitate the appraisal of adverse environments later in life. Here we expose newborn mice to unpredictable maternal separation combined with unpredictable maternal stress (MSUS) for 2 weeks and assess the impact on behaviour in the offspring when adult. We show that MSUS in male mice favours goal-directed behaviours and behavioural flexibility in the adult offspring. This effect is accompanied by epigenetic changes involving histone post-translational modifications at the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) gene and decreased MR expression in the hippocampus. Mimicking these changes pharmacologically in vivo reproduces the behavioural phenotype. These findings highlight the beneficial impact that early adverse experiences can have in adulthood, and the implication of epigenetic modes of gene regulation.
This meta-analytic review examines the role of optimism, social support, and coping strategies in contributing to posttraumatic growth. Results from 103 studies showed that all three systems of ...variables yielded significant effect sizes. Religious coping and positive reappraisal coping produced the largest effect sizes. Social support, seeking social support coping, spirituality, and optimism were moderately related to posttraumatic growth. Acceptance coping yielded the smallest effect sizes. Moderator analyses showed that effect sizes did not differ according to time elapsed since trauma, gender, and type of posttraumatic growth measure (posttraumatic growth vs. benefit finding). Age and gender were significant moderators of religious coping, whereas study design (longitudinal vs. cross-sectional) significantly moderated the effect of positive reappraisal coping. Implications for research and interventions on posttraumatic growth are also discussed.
Although longitudinal trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are well-established in general trauma populations, very little is known about the trajectories of birth-related PTSD. This ...study aimed to identify trajectories of birth-related PTSD; determine factors associated with each trajectory; and identify women more likely to develop birth-related PTSD.
226 women who had traumatic childbirth according to DSM-IV criterion A were drawn from a community sample of 950 women. Measures were taken of PTSD, affective symptoms, fear of childbirth and social support in pregnancy, 4–6 weeks and 6-months postpartum. Information on some obstetric and psychosocial factors were also prospectively obtained.
Four trajectories were identified: resilience (61.9%), recovery (18.5%), chronic-PTSD (13.7%) and delayed-PTSD (5.8%). Resilience was consistently distinguished from other PTSD trajectories by less affective symptoms at 4–6 weeks postpartum. Poor satisfaction with health professionals was associated with chronic-PTSD and delayed-PTSD. When affective symptoms at 4–6 weeks postpartum were removed from the model, less social support and higher fear of childbirth 4–6 weeks after birth predicted chronic and recovery trajectories; whereas experience of further trauma and low levels of satisfaction with health professionals were predictive of chronic-PTSD and delayed-PTSD, compared to resilience. Additional variables associated with different trajectories included antenatal affective symptoms, caesarean-section, preterm birth and receiving professional help.
Use of self-report measures, use of DSM-IV criteria for PTSD diagnosis, and no follow-up beyond six months are the main limitations of this study.
Identified factors may inform preventive and treatment interventions for women with traumatic birth experiences.
•First study to systematically examine longitudinal trajectories of birth-related PTSD.•Trajectories identified were resilient, recovered, chronic, and delayed-PTSD.•Most women (61.9%) had a resilient trajectory characterized by no/mild disruption.•Low affective symptoms distinguished resilient from other PTSD trajectories.•Fear of birth and less support predicted different trajectory patterns.
Highlights • Meta-analysis of relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and posttraumatic growth. • Clarification of linear versus curvilinear relationship between posttraumatic ...stress disorder symptoms and posttraumatic growth. • Delineation of differences in nature of this relationship by trauma type and age group.
PDF
