The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of coping strategies, attitudes, and positive anticipated emotions on the positive expectations and behavioral intentions of Korean tourists ...during the COVID-19 pandemic. An integrated model was proposed and tested, and the results indicate that effective coping strategies, attitudes, and positive anticipated emotions have a positive effect on the positive expectations of tourism during the pandemic, which in turn positively influences behavioral intentions. Practical suggestions were also provided based on the findings. This research has implications for understanding the ways in which individuals cope with and adapt to travel during times of crisis, and for identifying strategies that may facilitate positive expectations and behavioral intentions in the tourism industry.
Popular hope theories treat hope as an expectancy-based construct, with individuals more hopeful the greater their perceived likelihood of success. Consequently, the distinction between hope and ...other expectancy-based concepts (e.g., optimism) is unclear. The present research aims to identify the unique nature of hope, suggesting hope is invoked in particular when expectations of positive outcomes are low. As long as there is a possibility of those outcomes eventuating, individuals highly invested in them are more likely to hope; but with greater probability hope tends to align with optimism. In Study 1, for supporters of bottom-tier football teams strongly invested in the hoped-for outcome of their team winning, hope’s relationship with likelihood was cubic, accelerating with mere possibility; contrastingly, for optimism the relationship was linear. Study 2 replicated these findings for voters’ hope in state election outcomes. Hope is distinct from optimism and positive expectation; hope is tapped into when odds are low yet individuals are highly invested in the outcome.
The efficient market hypothesis is highly discussed in economic literature. In its strongest form, it states that there are no price trends. When weakening the non-trending assumption to arbitrary ...short, small, and fully unknown trends, we mathematically prove for a specific class of control-based trading strategies positive expected gains. These strategies are model free, i.e., a trader neither has to think about predictable patterns nor has to estimate market parameters such as the trend’s sign like momentum traders have to do. That means, since the trader does not have to know any trend, even trends too small to find are enough to beat the market. Adjustments for risk and comparisons with buy-and-hold strategies do not satisfactorily solve the problem. In detail, we generalize results from the literature on control-based trading strategies to market settings without specific model assumptions, but with time-varying parameters in discrete and continuous time. We give closed-form formulae for the expected gain as well as the gain’s variance and generalize control-based trading rules to a setting where older information counts less. In addition, we perform an exemplary backtesting study taking transaction costs and bid-ask spreads into account and still observe—on average—positive gains.
Anticipation and Emotion Castelfranchi, Cristiano; Miceli, Maria
Emotion-Oriented Systems
Book Chapter
This work tries to provide a systematic outline of the manifold relations between emotion and anticipatory activity. We first address the route from emotion to anticipation, which implies considering ...the anticipatory function of emotion in a twofold sense. On the one hand, emotions may mediate the relationship between a stimulus and a response, by triggering anticipatory behaviors which are not based on cognitive representations of future states or events (preparatory emotions). On the other hand, emotions may accomplish the function of signaling underlying mental states (premonitory emotions), that is, the fact of experiencing a certain emotion may induce some anticipatory belief. Then we address the route from anticipation to emotion, by considering those emotional states which are elicited by anticipatory representations (expectation-based emotions). Whereas in premonitory emotions, the latter induce some expectation, in expectation-based emotions, the causal relationship is reversed; the expectation of a certain event elicits an emotional response. Here we are in the domain of cognitive appraisal proper, with the sole restriction that the appraisal regards future events. Moreover, the route from anticipation to emotion also accounts for those emotions – such as disappointment and relief – which are elicited by the invalidation of expectations (invalidation-based emotions). Finally, we discuss a third kind of interaction between emotion and anticipatory activity, that is, the anticipation of future emotions. Emotions are here the object of anticipatory representations, rather a response to them. Two kinds of expected emotions are identified, “cold” expectations versus “hot” expectations of emotions (which include some anticipated feeling), and their role in decision making is discussed.
The concept of User-Generated Content (UGC) offers impressive potential for innovative learning and teaching scenarios in higher education. Examples like Wikipedia and Facebook illustrate the ...enormous effects of multiple users world-wide contributing to a pool of shared resources, such as videos and pictures and also lexicographical descriptions. Apart from single examples, however, the systematic use of these virtual technologies in higher education still needs further exploration. Only few examples display the successful application of UGC Communities at university scenarios. We argue that a major reason for this can be seen in the fact that the organizational dimension of setting up UGC Communities has widely been neglected so far. In particular, we indicate the need for incentive setting to actively involve students and achieve specific pedagogical objectives. We base our study on organizational theories and derive strategies for incentive setting that have been applied in a practical e-Learning scenario involving students from Germany and New Zealand.
Trust in Virtual Teams: A Performance Indicator Nakayama, Marina Keiko; Binotto, Erlaine; Pilla, Bianca Smith
Education for the 21st Century — Impact of ICT and Digital Resources
Book Chapter
Odprti dostop
This paper aims to analyze how virtual teams deal with the process of trust among the people who are part of it. The research is characterized as descriptive. The survey data techniques that were ...used were questionnaires via Internet and interviews by telephone. The participants of this research were eight managers from Embratel, a telecommunication company in Brazil. The results of this research pointed out that, for its participants, trust is a significant performance indicator for the collaborators and that reciprocity, positive expectation and foresight are base concepts so that all may feel secure when it comes to the risk of a negative consequence and vulnerability. The clear definition of the objectives, the emphasis in internal communication, the manager as an example and model, and the worthiness of the people become the main care and practice in order to obtain better trust in virtual teams.
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