Dollar a Day Revisited Ravallion, Martin; Chen, Shaohua; Sangraula, Prem
The World Bank economic review,
01/2009, Letnik:
23, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The article presents the first major update of the international $1 a day poverty line, proposed in World Development Report 1990: Poverty for measuring absolute poverty by the standards of the ...world's poorest countries. In a new and more representative data set of national poverty lines, a marked economic gradient emerges only when consumption per person is above about $2.00 a day at 2005 purchasing power parity. Below this, the average poverty line is $1.25, which is proposed as the new international poverty line. The article tests the robustness of this line to alternative estimation methods and explains how it differs from the old $1 a day line.
Brazil, China, and India have seen falling poverty in their reform periods, but to varying degrees and for different reasons. History left China with favorable initial conditions for rapid poverty ...reduction through market-led economic growth; at the outset of the reform process there were many distortions to be removed and a relatively low inequality of access to the opportunities so created, though inequality has risen markedly since. By concentrating such opportunities in the hands of the better off, prior inequalities in various dimensions handicapped poverty reduction in both Brazil and India. Brazil's recent success in complementing market-oriented reforms with progressive social policies has helped it achieve a higher proportionate rate of poverty reduction than India, although Brazil has been less successful in terms of economic growth. In the wake of its steep rise in inequality, China might learn from Brazil's success with such policies. India needs to do more to assure that poor people are able to participate in both the country's growth process and its social policies; here there are lessons from both China and Brazil. All three countries have learned how important macroeconomic stability is to poverty reduction.
Abstract
Background
Financing healthcare through out-of-pocket (OOP) payment is a major barrier in accessing healthcare for the poor people. The Health Economics Unit (HEU) of the Ministry of Health ...and Family Welfare of the government of Bangladesh has developed
Shasthyo Suroksha Karmasuchi
(SSK), a health protection scheme, with the aim of reducing OOP expenditure and improving access of the below-poverty-line (BPL) population to healthcare. The scheme started piloting in 2016 at Kalihati sub-district of Tangail District. Our objective was to assess healthcare utilization by the enrolled BPL population and to identify the factors those influencing their utilization of the scheme.
Method
A cross-sectional household survey was conducted from July to September 2018 in the piloting sub-district. A total of 806 households were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Information on illness and sources of healthcare service were captured for the last 90 days before the survey. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to determine the factors related to utilization of healthcare from the SSK scheme and other medically trained providers (MTPs) by the SSK members for both inpatient and outpatient care.
Result
A total of 781 (24.6%) people reported of suffering from illness of which 639 (81.8%) sought healthcare from any sources. About 8.0% (51 out of 639) of them sought healthcare from SSK scheme and 28.2% from other MTPs within 90 days preceding the survey. Households with knowledge about SSK scheme were more likely to utilize healthcare from the scheme and less likely to utilize healthcare from other MTPs. Non-BPL status and suffering from an accident/injury were significantly positively associated with utilization of healthcare from SSK scheme.
Conclusion
Among the BPL population, healthcare utilization from the SSK scheme was very low compared to that of other MTPs. Effective strategies should be in place for improving knowledge of BPL population on SSK scheme and the benefits package of the scheme should be updated as per the need of the target population. Such initiative can be instrumental in increasing utilization of the scheme and ultimately will reduce the barriers of OOP payment among BPL population for accessing healthcare.
Criticism on the use of the income/expenditure poverty line to estimate the number of the poor in Indonesia leads to questioning the use of the multidimensional poverty line (MPL) measurement. While ...current research on the defining variables, dimensions, and indicators to develop the MPL measurement in Indonesia was not based on direct views of the poor and the non-poor household heads, we complement this research gap by examining it based on direct views of the poor and the non-poor household heads. Methods used to collect the empirical data were conducted in four stages. The first stage was by organizing a Focus Group Discussion with twenty-five participants. The second stage was by conducting a pilot for the main survey on thirty poor and non-poor household heads. The third stage was by distributing the main survey questionnaire to 274 non-poor and 315 poor household head respondents in six representative locations in Indonesia. The fourth stage was by taking in-depth interviews with 8–12 key informants in each survey location. These data were further analysed by employing the qualitative technique. The results confirmed that the poor and the non-poor household head respondents, and the interviewees under the survey viewed the MPL measurement as a comprehensive and better poverty measurement. However, dimensions and indicators that were viewed to be important in developing the MPL measurement were mostly in the groups of three variables. These three variables were capability, empowerment, and opportunity. These three variables should be no hierarchy of importance in developing the MPL measurement as well as in formulating policy and programs to eradicate the incidence of poverty in Indonesia.
A new assessment is made of the developing world's progress against poverty. By the frugal $1 a day standard there were 1.1 billion poor people in 2001—almost 400 million fewer than 20 years earlier. ...During that period the number of poor people declined by more than 400 million in China, though half the decline was in the early 1980s and the number outside China rose slightly. At the same time the number of people in the world living on less than $2 a day rose, so that there has been a marked bunching up of people living between $1 and $2 a day. Sub-Saharan Africa has become the region with the highest incidence of extreme poverty and the greatest depth of poverty. If these trends continue, the 1990 aggregate $1 a day poverty rate will be halved by 2015, meeting the Millennium Development Goal, though only East and South Asia will reach this goal.
Economies of scale and equivalent consumption units, which are present in households, must be considered in the measurement of monetary poverty, in order to obtain indicators that approximate the ...reality of each household. Therefore, in this research, monetary poverty in Ecuador is measured and analyzed at the provincial level for the period 2009-2016. It works with data from the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment (ENEMDU) and the INEC methodology is used to measure poverty, but per-capita income is replaced by equivalent income, generated by applying a one-parameter scale (Buhmann et al., 1988) and two two-parameter scales (OECD, 1984; Cutler and Katz, 1992). The main results show that monetary poverty rates are significantly lower when equivalent income is applied, that there is high poverty sensitivity depending on the equivalence scale used and that the provinces with the highest levels of poverty are located in the Amazon region.
A New Profile of the Global Poor Castañeda, Andrés; Doan, Dung; Newhouse, David ...
World development,
January 2018, 2018-01, 2018-01-00, 20180101, Letnik:
101
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•This study examines the characteristics of the global extreme and moderate poor.•The face of poverty is primarily rural and young.•There is little gender inequality in poor children’s educational ...attainment.•Primary school completion and non-agricultural employment distinguish the moderate from the extreme poor.•Households in rural areas and those containing large numbers of children are central to poverty reduction.
This paper presents a new demographic profile of extreme and moderate poverty, defined as those living on less than $1.90 and between $1.90 and $3.10 per day in 2013, based on household survey data from 89 developing countries. The face of poverty is primarily rural and young; 80% of the extreme poor and 75% of the moderate poor live in rural areas. Over 45% of the extreme poor are children younger than 15years old, and nearly 60% of the extreme poor live in households with three or more children. Gender differences in poverty rates are muted, and there is scant evidence of gender inequality in poor children’s educational attainment. A sizable share of the extreme and moderate poor, 40 and 50%, respectively, have completed primary school. Compared with the extreme poor, the moderate poor are significantly more likely to have completed primary school and are less likely to work in agriculture. After conditioning on other individual and household characteristics, having fewer than three children, having greater educational attainment, and living in an urban area are strongly and positively associated with welfare. The results reinforce the central importance of households in rural areas and those containing large numbers of children in efforts to reduce extreme poverty, and are consistent with increased educational attainment and urbanization hastening poverty reduction.
A new data set on national poverty lines is combined with new price data and almost 700 household surveys to estimate absolute poverty measures for the developing world. We find that 25% of the ...population lived in poverty in 2005, as judged by what “poverty” typically means in the world's poorest countries. This is higher than past estimates. Substantial overall progress is still indicated—the corresponding poverty rate was 52% in 1981—but progress was very uneven across regions. The trends over time and regional profile are robust to various changes in methodology, though precise counts are more sensitive.
This article assesses the consequences of poverty between a child's prenatal year and 5th birthday for several adult achievement, health, and behavior outcomes, measured as late as age 37. Using data ...from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1,589) and controlling for economic conditions in middle childhood and adolescence, as well as demographic conditions at the time of the birth, findings indicate statistically significant and, in some cases, quantitatively large detrimental effects of early poverty on a number of attainment-related outcomes (adult earnings and work hours). Early-childhood poverty was not associated with such behavioral measures as out-of-wedlock childbearing and arrests. Most of the adult earnings effects appear to operate through early poverty's association with adult work hours.
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