The aim of the present investigation was to study the prevalence of approximal caries lesions and fillings in posterior teeth at 15 years of age in a prospectively followed Swedish population (n = ...568), with special reference to their caries experience at the age of 3 years. Only approximal surfaces were recorded, since all children in the Community of Jönköping have had fissure sealing performed on all caries-free permanent molars. At 15 years of age, the mean number of approximal tooth surfaces with initial caries lesions (Dia), manifest caries lesions and fillings (DmFa) and total caries experience and fillings (Di + mFa) – recorded on bitewing radiographs – was 2.78 , 0.45 and 3.23, respectively. One third of the adolescents had no approximal caries or fillings; the Dia constituted 86% of the Di + mFa. Children with manifest caries at 3 years of age had a higher risk of developing approximal caries in their permanent teeth than caries-free children at the same age (41 vs. 17%). Furthermore, children who were caries-free at 3 years of age were more likely to remain caries-free at 15 years of age compared to children with manifest caries (37 vs. 17%). All these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Additionally, early childhood caries experience (developed before 3 years of age) had a greater predictive value than late childhood caries experience (developed between 3 and 6 years of age) concerning approximal caries at 15 years of age.
Summary Specific knowledge on paediatric physiology and adapted material are necessary to perform pulmonary function testing (PFT) with reliable results in young children (2–6 years). During this age ...period, although co-operation is minimal, successful testing data can greatly be enhanced because of team experience and motivation. A range of equipment able to measure resistance and spirometry is now widely available, but technical issues have to be considered before its use in young children. In this review, we detail equipment, data collection, reference values and clinical applications for resistance measurements (forced oscillation technique, interrupter technique and plethysmography) and spirometry. All these non-invasive techniques can be easily repeated in order to monitor treatment and lung development in congenital and early-acquired respiratory diseases.
Unsafe storage of poisons in homes with toddlers Beirens, Tinneke M.J.; van Beeck, Eduard F.; Dekker, Rieneke ...
Accident analysis and prevention,
07/2006, Letnik:
38, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The objective of this project was to assess the current nature and level of preventive actions that parents take to avoid unintentional poisoning among toddlers (11–18 months old).
In 2004, we ...conducted a cross-sectional observational survey with self-administered questionnaires among parents with toddlers (
n
=
1722). Data were obtained on storage locations of medicines and cleaning products and supervision of children.
Overall, 50.1% of the toddlers were exposed to unsafe storage of possible poisonous products in the home. Parents were more likely to store medicines safely than cleaning products, and products were most often stored unsafely in the kitchen, where children were left unattended most often (69%). Households with one child were associated with unsafe storage of both medicines and cleaning products. Lower educational level of the mother and unemployment of the mother were both associated with safe storage of medicines. Mother's ethnicity, the child's ability to walk, and the education level of the father were associated with storage of cleaning products.
The results of this study are an important first step for the development of effective interventions to reduce unintentional poisoning in toddlers’ homes.
Abstract
Background: The National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANUT in Spanish) reported high rates of under-nutrition in children of Yucatan. Is food intake the main cause of under-nutrition ...in children of the state of Yucatan, Mexico?
Aim: Identify the primary causes of under-nutrition in pre-school children in Yucatan.
Subjects: A sample of 111 children (59 girls and 52 boys) aged 1-4 years representing Yucatan was taken from a database of ENSANUT 2006 and another national survey, a federal poverty mitigation programme for the state of Yucatan, Mexico entitled "Oportunidades".
Methods: A human ecology approach together with life history theory was used to analyse anthropometric indices and food intake data from the ENSANUT 2006 and "Oportunidades".
Results: Height and weight were significantly correlated to age and total food intake. No correlations were found between age and anthropometric indices or food intake rates. The children in the sample had adequate protein intake but deficient energy intake. No correlation was identified between nutritional status and food intake rates. Pre-schoolers with higher weight-for-height values achieved greater height-for-age. These relationships can be explained by life history theory in that energy intake was used either for maintenance (combating and recovering from infections) or growth.
Conclusion: The poor relationship between food intake rates and nutritional status is probably explained by the interaction between high disease incidence and insufficient energy intake. These conditions are endemic in Yucatan due to widespread poor housing, water and sanitation conditions.
This article focuses upon the role of the peripatetic pre‐school teacher for children who have special educational needs. It explores the key issues involved in home‐based teaching; the importance of ...developing meaningful partnerships with parents; early intervention; and the significance of play in promoting learning for young children. The research that informs this article is concerned with the possibility of teaching science to pre‐school children with special educational needs. The author, Andrea Bennington, was herself an early years special educational needs inclusion teacher when she undertook the work described here. She is now an advisory teacher for children with physical disabilities. In this example of practitioner research, key scientific concepts are discussed in the context of intervention through play carried out in the home setting. The work focuses on the responses of six children to a sequence of six ‘experiments’ carried out through a period of teaching. Andrea Bennington asks whether science activities can be used to promote the learning experiences of pre‐school children who have special educational needs and, therefore, their inclusion in teaching and learning situations.
Nutrition of infants and young children Yngve, Agneta; Tseng, Marilyn; Haapala, Irja ...
Public health nutrition,
09/2012, Letnik:
15, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Effects of a change in foods approved by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) on food sales are described(16), and last but not least, an important paper ...on the targeting of children in marketing of foods(17)is included in this issue.
The unmet dental needs of pre-school children indicate there are barriers in 'accessing' appropriate oral health care and this warrants consideration of care providers' beliefs.
To explore the ...beliefs and attitudes of dentists in Hong Kong towards providing oral health care to pre-school children; and to determine difference in attitudes between general dental practitioners (GDPs) and paediatric dentists (PDs).
A random sample of 476 GDPs (-25% of all registered dentists) and all registered PDs (28) were invited to participate in the study. Both groups were asked to complete the Barriers to Childhood Caries Treatment (BaCCT) questionnaire: a 29-item measure considering child, parent, dentist and health care system factors. Differences in attitudes of GDPs and PDs were examined in bivariate and regression analyses.
The overall response rate of the study was 61.5% (310/504). There were significant differences in overall BaCCT scores and across all domains between GDPs and PDs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, variations across many aspects (as described at an item level) were apparent. Regression analyses confirmed differences in BaCCT between GDPs and PDs, controlling for practice and other factors.
Differences exist between GDPs' and PDs' perceptions of barriers to care for early childhood caries. This has implications for how to address 'access' issues with likely implications on how to overcome barriers to care for pre-school children.
Abstract Background Several studies have demonstrated that medication is commonly used off-label in children with allergic diseases. The aim of this study was to characterise off-label use of ...prescriptions for allergic diseases in pre-school children from an allergology outpatient unit. Methods The clinical files of children aged ≤6 years seen in a reference allergology consultation with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and/or atopic eczema were reviewed. A total of 500 patients were consecutively observed from January to June 2012. The data collected included gender, age, diagnosis, and prescriptions with the respective daily dosage. Results A total of 1224 prescriptions were registered. The most prescribed medications were oral antihistamines (34.6%), antileukotrienes (22.6%), topical nasal corticosteroids (20.3%), and inhaled corticosteroids (17.7%). From all prescriptions, 422 (34.5%) were considered off-label for age (62.6%), dosage (31.7%), or clinical indication (5.7%). Off-label use was more frequent in children aged <2 years, with 73.5% prescribed for children of this age. Conclusions Off-label use of drugs for the treatment of paediatric allergic diseases is high. However, these prescriptions are not necessarily wrong, and are recommended in many guidelines. Randomised controlled studies are limited by methodological difficulties creating the need for more observational studies in order to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs used in children.
Vitamin A is essential for growth and development. We investigated whether high consumption of energy-dense nutrient-poor foods in the diets of pre-school children is detrimental to diet quality with ...respect to vitamin A. Data were collected from 755 children at 18-months and 3½-years, from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, using 3-day unweighed dietary records completed by parents in 1994 and 1996, respectively. Energy, carotene and retinol intakes were calculated. The quality of the diet declined from 18-months to 3½-years with respect to vitamin A. Preformed retinol intakes decreased by -54 μg/day on average (p = 0.003). Carotene intakes were similar at each age although there was a 23% increase in energy intake by 3½-years. Longitudinally those in the highest quartile of intake at 18-months were twice as likely to remain in the highest quartile at 3½-years for retinol (OR 2.21 (95% CI 1.48-3.28)) and carotene (OR 1.66 (95% CI 1.11-2.50)) than to change quartiles. Nutrient-rich core foods provided decreasing amounts of carotene and preformed retinol over time (both p < 0.001). Vegetables and milk contributed the highest proportion of carotene at both ages, but milk's contribution decreased over time. Milk and liver were the largest sources of retinol. Nutrient-poor foods provided an increased proportion of energy (p < 0.001) with low proportions of both nutrients; however fat spreads made an important contribution. It is recommended that pre-school children should take vitamin supplements; only 19% at 18-months did this, falling to 11% at 3½-years. Care should be taken to choose nutrient-rich foods and avoid energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods when feeding pre-school children.
Abstract
Objective.
The mode of delivery may significantly influence the diversity and composition of the oral microflora and facilitate early acquisition of mutans streptococci. The aim was to ...compare caries prevalence and experience in 3-year-old children delivered vaginally and by caesarean section (C-section).
Materials and methods.
The study had an observational cohort protocol based on extracted information from governmental databases and nationwide registers concerning birth, social and educational levels and dental status. Children born at the Copenhagen University Hospital in 2005 were eligible and the final study group with complete information consisted of 594 children, 443 delivered vaginally and 151 by C-section.
Results.
The total caries prevalence was 8% and no significant difference was displayed between the groups. When only the children with caries (dmfs > 0) were compared, those delivered by C-section had a higher mean value in comparison with those delivered vaginally (dmfs 6.8 vs 3.2), but the difference was not statistically significant. There was a significant relationship between caries prevalence and low family income in the total study group (OR = 5.8, p < 0.05).
Conclusions.
Within the limitations of this observational cohort study, caries prevalence in 3-year-old children was not related to the mode of delivery. However, the tendency of more severe caries in the C-section group justifies further studies, preferably with a prospective design.
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