By collecting and analyzing diapers, we identified a >6-fold increase in carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae for healthy preschool children in Sweden ...(p<0.0001). For 6 of the 50 participating preschools, the carriage rate was >40%. We analyzed samples from 334 children and found 56 containing >1 ESBL producer. The prevalence in the study population increased from 2.6% in 2010 to 16.8% in 2016 (p<0.0001), and for 6 of the 50 participating preschools, the carriage rate was >40%. Furthermore, 58% of the ESBL producers were multidrug resistant, and transmission of ESBL-producing and non-ESBL-producing strains was observed at several of the preschools. Toddlers appear to be major carriers of ESBL producers in Sweden.
Aims and Objectives To findthe prevalence of asthma and associated factors for asthma among 3-6 years old children. Methods A community based cross-sectional study was conducted between February July ...2013inUdupiTaluk, Karnataka. Total of 337 participants were included in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data fromparents and guardians of 3-6 years old children. Univariate and multivariate logistic methods were used to calculate adjusted and unadjusted odds ratio. Results Based on the symptoms reported, the prevalence of asthma in children was found to be 9.2% in this study. Family history of Asthma, monthly income and history of allergy were reported as significant (P<0.05) associated factors of asthma among 3-6 years children. Conclusions A continuous surveillance for identification of asthma related symptoms and associated risk factors among children through field level health workers would facilitate in early diagnosis and treatment of children with asthma in appropriate healthcare facilities.
Abstract
Background
The cut-off date in the education system causes a relative age difference, with developmental advantages for children who are born on the “early side” of the cut-off date and ...disadvantages for those born later, which is known as the relative age effect (RAE). Very few studies have examined whether there is a RAE on the development of fundamental movement skills (FMSs) in preschool children, and no studies have been conducted in China. The purpose of this study is to identify whether a RAE exists on FMS in Chinese preschool children, comparing RAEs according to gender and age.
Methods
From a total of 378 invited preschool children regularly registered at one Chinese kindergarten, a total of 288 healthy and typically developing preschoolers (4.33 ± 0.84 years-old; 56.6% boys) were included in this study. All children were required to take part in anthropometry and FMS assessments. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to examine the difference in each of the FMS items across quarter categories, year and gender groups, controlling for body mass index (BMI).
Results
For the overall sample, the data show the significant main effects on the quarter of birth factor in locomotor skills (LC;
F
(3, 265) = 2.811,
p
= 0.04, η
p
2
= 0.031), object control skills (OB;
F
(3, 265) = 6.319,
p
= 0.04, η
p
2
= 0.031), and total test score (TTS;
F
(3, 265) = 5.988,
p
= 0.001, η
p
2
= 0.063). There were also significant differences in the age effect on all the domains of FMS (
F
LC
(2, 265) = 100.654,
p
< 0.001, η
p
2
= 0.432;
F
OB
(2, 265) = 108.430,
p
< 0.001, η
p
2
= 0.450;
F
TTS
(2, 265) = 147.234,
p
< 0.001, η
p
2
= 0.526) but a gender effect only in LC (
F
(1, 265) = 20.858;
p
< 0.001; η
p
2
= 0.073). For gender and quarter of birth groups, RAEs in LC only exists in girls. Moreover, regarding age and quarter of birth factors, RAEs are only found at younger ages.
Conclusions
This study suggests the existence of RAEs in the FMS of Chinese preschool children. Teachers need to be aware of the effect of RAEs on the FMS when approaching development, evaluation, and teaching approaches in preschools.
•We analyze bottleneck flow of preschool children in a laboratory experiment.•The pedestrian flows of children and adults under different movement motivations are compared.•The relations between flow ...and bottleneck width for children and adults are unified.•Arch-like and teardrop-shape distributions are observed for the children’ and adults’ movement respectively.
Understanding on children’s movement characteristics is significant to improve their safety levels especially under emergencies. In this work, we perform laboratory experiment to investigate the dynamics of preschool children aged 3–5 years old passing through normal bottlenecks of different widths under high movement motivation. Trajectories of children are extracted automatically and Voronoi Diagram based methods are used to calculated the density, velocity and other parameters. It is found that the relations between flow and bottleneck width for adults and children can be unified when the body size and movement motivation are considered in certain way. High movement motivation leads to competition among pedestrians, which results in different spatial-temporal distribution of the density and speed compared to normal movement of adults. An arch-like distribution is observed for the children movement with competition, whereas it is teardrop-shaped for the adults without competition. The locations of the peak density lie around 0.3 m from the bottleneck entrance in this study with the bottleneck width changing from 0.4 m to 1.0 m, while for adults, the location of the peak density region is about 1.0 m with the bottleneck width changing from 0.9 m to 1.1 m. Besides, several typical behaviors of children are observed in the experiment, like guiding, pushing as well as playing. The results can help researchers understand the movement dynamics of preschool children.
Methods We administered the translated TRACK questionnaires to caregivers of preschool children with symptoms consistent with asthma at 2 separate visits 4-6 weeks apart. TRACK scores differed ...significantly across patient subsets, with lower scores in children classified as poorly controlled than not-well controlled or well controlled (median interquartile range, 55.0 42.5;70.0 vs 70.0 60.0;85.0 vs 90.0 77.5;95.0, P<0.001), in those who had current asthma symptoms than recent-past symptoms or no symptom (median interquartile range, 65.0 50.0;80.0 vs 80.0 65.0;90.0 vs 95.0 80.0;100.0, P<0.001), and in those required step-up therapy than step-down therapy or no change (median interquartile range, 62.5 45.0;75.0 vs 95.0 85.0;100.0 vs 80.0 67.5;90.0, P<0.001) Conclusions Korean version of TRACK questionnaire is valid and reliable in assessing respiratory and asthma control in Korean preschool children with asthma symptoms.
Abstract
Introduction
Sleep and the development of language are prominent concerns of many parents and until recently, many have examined these concerns tangentially. Children with developmental ...delays/disabilities have shown to have impaired sleep and poor sleep quality, and impairments or changes in sleep quality may play a prominent role in the acquisition of language and neuronal oscillatory patterns. This study examines the role of child sleep quality paired with a normed measure of language and wake electroencephalography (EEG). Examining the role of child sleep quality with language ability and wake EEG may provide nascent incremental utility to understanding the influences of sleep on healthy development.
Methods
Data from 109 toddlers (age range 24 to 30.5 m, M = 26.83 ± 1.58 m, 52% male) from the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ), Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), and continuous EEG were collected and analyzed. EEG was recorded (32 electrode cap BioSemi) while toddlers sat in a booster seat and watched a silent video. Data were analyzed in RStudio and Matlab to examine toddler’s sleep quality (infant sleep and parent behaviors) and relations with the MSEL and EEG (controlling for child age and gender).
Results
Means and standard deviations appeared within expected limits based on the range of each variable. Toddlers with slow-developing language were associated with relatively poor sleep quality, explaining 9.75% of the variance. We find preliminary evidence to suggest a potential sleep disruption around the time when a child is undergoing a rapid expansion in their vocabulary (expressive language). Toddler’s sleep quality and language acquisition were also correlated with wake EEG (alpha and beta).
Conclusion
Sleep is regarded as an essential component supporting the myriad changes observed in early development. Sleep quality fundamentally influences healthy development across domains. Here, we showed child sleep quality is highly associated with toddler’s language ability, and wake EEG, providing new insights into the developing brain.
Support
National Institutes of Health R01DC016273, R01MH107652-03S1, and Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc., Skillman, NJ, USA.
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