V Sloveniji se je stopnja samooskrbe s prehranskimi proizvodi v zadnjih letih zmanjšala, za nekatere proizvode celo pod polovico. V prispevku so podane kvalitativne ocene možnosti za izboljšanje ...trenutne stopnje samooskrbe. Ocene temeljijo na primerjalni analizi proizvodnih potencialov kmetijskih zemljišč, projekciji razvojnih trendov na področju kmetijstva in rabe kmetijskih zemljišč ter trendov v potrošnji hrane. Dodana je tudi analiza primerov dobrih praks zagotavljanja lokalne oskrbe s hrano ter rezultati modela MOLAND, ki simulira prihodnje rabe kmetijskih zemljišč glede na možne globalne razvojne scenarije.
Ekološka pridelava oljk v Sloveniji Podmenik, Dane; Lampič, Barbara; Bavec, Martina
Dela (Univerza v Ljubljani. Oddelek za geografijo),
12/2013
39
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
V prispevku predstavljamo razvoj in značilnosti ekološke pridelave oljk v Sloveniji. V letu 2012 je bilo zabeleženih 184,5 ha ekoloških oljčnikov, kar predstavlja 10 % vseh oljčnih nasadov. Glede na ...trende lahko v naslednjih letih pričakujemo, da bi se obseg ekoloških oljčnikov lahko povzpel na 350 ha. Pomembna je tudi ugotovitev, da pridelovalci namenjajo premalo pozornosti trajnostnim kmetijskim praksam, kar sproža kritičen premislek o izpolnjevanju temeljnih standardov ekološkega kmetijstva.
Despite the fact that successive sowing of maize was legally limited due to the occurrence of the corn rootworm beetle in 2003 and the integrated crop production was introduced in 2004, maize is ...still the most common and desired crop on arable and livestock farms in Slovenia. With a focus on the economic motives for the production farmers are gradually beginning to consider also the phytosanitary viewpoint, but the planning of a crop rotation is a demanding task, especially for younger farmers with no previous experience. The results of the analysis of crop rotations on conventional and integrated arable and livestock farms in north-east and western Slovenia in the period from 2000 to 2009 show that the maize monoculture has been supplemented by other grains, mostly wheat and barley, but legumes and supplementary crops are still missing from the rotation. With newly introduced crops to Slovene fields the need for new and modern agro-technical measures is increasing and also the need for improved knowledge of biological characteristics of individual varieties and species with their suitable order and share in the crop rotation. To help the farmers find the best solution for their production we have prepared some recommendations for the crop rotations with the main and supplementary crops, following good and proven examples of crop rotations used in the past. Whether farmers will use them on their farms depends not only on their technical equipment and knowledge, flexibility and receptiveness, but also on the legislative measures and sustainable nature of EU agricultural policy where farmers got used to be paid for every function and production that is environmentally and food friendly.
V Sloveniji je koruza, kljub zakonski omejitvi zaporedne setve zaradi pojava koruznega hrošča leta 2003 in vključevanja kmetij v integrirano pridelavo poljščin leta 2004, še vedno najbolj razširjena in zaželena poljščina na poljedelsko-živinorejskih kmetijah. Ekonomski vidik pridelave postopoma upošteva fitosanitarnega. Načrtovanje kolobarja je zahtevno, zlasti za mlajše kmete, ki nimajo izkušenj iz preteklosti. Rezultati analize kolobarjev na konvencionalnih in integriranih poljedelsko-živinorejskih kmetijah v severovzhodni in v zahodni Sloveniji v obdobju od leta 2000 do 2009 kažejo, da so monokulturo koruze razbremenila druga žita, zlasti pšenica in ječmen, manjkajo pa stročnice in dosevki. Z novo vključenimi poljščinami se povečujejo potrebe ne le po novi in sodobni agrotehniki, ampak tudi po poznavanju bioloških zakonitosti posameznih vrst in sort ob hkratni primerni razporeditvi in deležu v kolobarju. V oporo kmetom smo sestavili nekaj biološko uravnoteženih kolobarjev iz glavnih posevkov in dosevkov, ki se zgledujejo po preizkušenih vrstilnih kolobarjih iz preteklosti. Njihova uporaba na kmetijah bo odvisna ne le od tehnične opremljenosti kmetije, znanja, dojemljivosti in prožnosti gospodarjev ampak v glavnem od zakonskih predpisov in sonaravnih usmeritev kmetijske politike v EU, kjer so se kmetje navadili na plačilo za vsako okolju in hrani prijaznejše opravilo in postopek pridelave.
V prispevku je predstavljena ocena potencialov ekološke pridelave za trajnostno lokalno oskrbo s hrano. S pomočjo rezultatov obsežne terenske raziskave med ekološkimi kmeti smo analizirali obstoječo ...domačo ekološko pridelavo za trg po vrstah pridelkov in tržnih poteh. Definirali smo glavne prednosti in pomanjkljivosti, ki odločilno vplivajo na razvoj slovenskega trga ekoživil ter posebej izpostavili prostorske razlike. Na osnovi raziskave ocenjujemo, da je v ekološki pridelavi velik neizkoriščen potencial za trajnostno lokalno oskrbo s hrano v Sloveniji.
In the period from 2005 to 2009 225 samples of apples, lettuce and potatoes from Slovene producers included in integrated pest management (IPM) were analysed for plant protection product (PPP) ...residues. The samples were analysed for the presence of more than 200 different active compounds using four analytical methods. In 38.7% of apple samples residues were not detected, 58.6% of apple samples contained residues lower than or equal to Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) while 2.7% of apple samples exceeded MRLs. In 84.6% of lettuce samples residues were not detected, 12.3% of lettuce samples contained residues lower than or equal to MRLs while 3.1% of lettuce samples exceeded MRLs. In 98.0% of potato samples residues were not detected, 2.0% of potato samples contained residues lower than or equal to MRLs and no potato samples exceeded MRLs. Multiple residues were found only in apples and lettuce. The trend observed during the years was the decrease of sample portion of samples containing multiple residues in apples from 2005 to 2008. The most frequently found active substance in apples and lettuce was dithiocarbamates. In potato only phosalone was found.
V obdobju od 2005 do 2009 smo na ostanke fitofarmacevtskih sredstev (FFS) analizirali 225 vzorcev jabolk, solate in krompirja slovenskih proizvajalcev vključenih v integrirano pridelavo (IP). Vse vzorce smo analizirali s štirimi analitskimi metodami na prisotnost več kot 200 različnih aktivnih spojin. V 38,7% vzorcev jabolk ostankov nismo določili, 58,6% vzorcev jabolk je vsebovalo ostanke manjše ali enake maksimalnim dovoljenim količinam ostankov (MRL) medtem ko je 2,7% vzorcev jabolk preseglo MRL vrednosti. V 84.6% vzorcev solate ostankov nismo določili, 12,3% vzorcev solate je vsebovalo ostanke manjše ali enake MRL vrednostim medtem ko je 3,1% vzorcev solate preseglo MRL vrednosti. V 98,0% vzorcev krompirja ostankov nismo določili, 2,0% vzorcev krompirja je vsebovalo ostanke manjše ali enake MRL vrednostim in nobeden vzorec krompirja ni presegel MRL vrednosti. Ostanke dveh ali več aktivnih spojin smo določili le v jabolkih in solati. Trend, ki smo ga opazili tekom let je, da delež vzorcev, ki vsebujejo ostanke dveh ali več aktivnih spojin v jabolkih, pada od leta 2005 do 2008. Najpogosteje najdena aktivna snov v jabolkih in solati je ditiokarbamati. V krompirju smo določili le fosalon.
The goal of this research was to determine the influence of crop management systems, (organic, sustainable and conventional) and endomycorrhiza on vegetative growth of endive (Cichorium endivia L.) ...grown on fields in order to use PE mulch after lettuce crop. During 2002 and 2003 a two-factor trial with three repetitions and split-plot design was set up in Pula (Croatia). Main factor crop management had three levels (organic, sustainable and conventional); while the sub factor 'mycorrhiza' had two levels (endive seedlings inoculated with endomycorrhizal fungus and non-inoculated seedlings). Endive was planted after lettuce harvesting on the set PE mulch in conventional and integrated management, while in organic management it was planted after tilling lettuce rests and plant mulch (fodder pea and common vetch). Fertilization (by fertirigation) and crop protection were performed according to basic principles of organic, sustainable and conventional crop management system. Neither mycorrhiza nor production systems had no significant influence on plant density, diameter and mass of heads, and marketable yields. The biggest endive head diameter had non-inoculated endive plants in first year of research, while in the second year this feature was not significant. Production system had no significant influence on head diameter. The sustainable production system had the most marketable endive heads, while the organic system had most non-marketable heads in the first research year, while in the second this feature was not significant. Mycorrhiza had no influence on this feature.
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