This article examines the limits of public accommodation anti-discrimination laws as they pertain to private businesses. Part I explores the origins and development of public accommodation laws, ...paying close attention to their original purpose as compared to their contemporary implementation. It also reviews the development of First Amendment jurisprudence and the protection the Supreme Court has provided for speech. Part II demonstrates the failure of some courts to properly analyze cases involving expressive conduct by a private business that falls within the bounds of First Amendment protection. Part III concludes that public accommodation laws violate the First Amendment when they compel expression by private businesses, such as Elane Photography. Public accommodation laws were historically designed to ensure that individuals were not discriminated against in access to inns, public conveyances, and places of amusement, such as theaters, based on their race or color.
The paper sets up an analytical framework that is based on simplified balance sheets of the banking, the non-banking private and the government sectors, in order to identify four primary routes ...through which money can be generated endogenously and to discuss their characteristics. These routes approximate, if not precisely correspond to, the post-Keynesian accommodationist and structuralist views, the New Keynesian credit view ('bank lending channel'), and a hybrid one, respectively.
This article examines patterns of growth in private firms and private equity investment and in the decline in state–owned firms and equity capital within the corporate sector in Indian industry over ...a 25–year period, 1973–1974 to 1997–1998, with some additional analysis extended to 2001–2002, to assess whether a transformation in ownership has taken place, whether the boundaries of the state as a participant in industry have significantly declined and the boundaries of private enterprise enhanced. The data cover the entire industrial population of India. The boundaries of the state as an industrial participant have shrunk significantly as a result of the growth of private entrepreneurship in India, especially in industries where agents are engaged in technological entrepreneurship. The numbers of private companies established in India have grown and the volume of equity capital being invested has risen substantially. Associated with this relative growth of private firms and shrinking of government ownership is a significant increase in human capital productivity across all ownership categories of Indian industry.
Short-term liquidity of very small private companies (VSPCs) is important to creditors as any cash shortages result in opportunity costs due to delayed payments. We use a publicly available liquidity ...indicator for 19,627 Slovenian VSPCs as a special, but generalizable case of “credit record” data and financial ratios to predict possible cash shortages. Indicator is predicted and used in lagged form(s) as a predictive variable with/without financial ratios, allowing comparisons. Models, including financial ratios, are less efficient than models based on lagged liquidity indicator alone. Surprisingly, combined models perform only marginally better. Despite high overall accuracy, misclassification of companies experiencing cash shortages is high.
