The European Private Company Drury, Robert
European business organization law review,
03/2008, Letnik:
9, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The European Private Company (EPC) is best understood as part of the effort of providing a uniform statute for a wide group of companies that can operate in and move to any part of Europe under a ...single set of regulations. Starting from the suggestion that the EPC might increase the level of trade overall, the author goes on to point out that this vehicle may produce distinct advantages for a wide group of companies. The author points to the key role the EPC could play in the development of inward investment in the European Union, particularly in stimulating cooperative joint ventures. Importantly, the EPC may be useful to countries that have recently entered or are planning to join the European Union. The article explores the two types of companies that are likely to adopt the EPC and examines the set of model articles of association for the draft statute, which include a wide range of company law elements, including fiduciary duties, a business judgment rule, pre-emption rights, voting rules and valuation rules on share transfer.
The present study arose from a research carried out in Bogotá's telecommunications sector, which was orientated towards describing and comparing motivational factors and their relationship to the ...organizational climate concerning employees from both a public and a private company. The results were analysed by comparing the means from different motivational factors and work climate dimensions regarding some demographic variables. These served as a point of comparison, contrast or affinity for describing and analysing both companies' work motivation and organisational climates. It was concluded that there were no significant differences regarding work climate and motivation of public and private company workers in the telecommunications sector, contrasting with the popular belief that there is relatively low commitment in state companies. There could be cultural and legal differences. El presente estudio, producto de una investigación realizada en el sector de las telecomunicaciones en Bogotá, se orienta a describir y comparar los factores motivacionales y su relación con el clima organizacional, en empleados de una empresa pública y una privada. El análisis de resultados se realizó con base en un comparativo general de promedios de los diferentes factores motivacionales y de las dimensiones del clima laboral en relación con algunas variables demográficas que sirvieron de punto de comparación, contraste o afinidad para describir y analizar la motivación laboral y el clima organizacional de las dos empresas. De esta investigación se concluye que no existen diferencias significativas en cuanto al clima y la motivación laboral entre los empleados de una empresa pública y una privada en el sector de las telecomunicaciones, contra la creencia popular de la existencia de un compromiso relativamente bajo en las empresas del Estado. Las diferencias pueden ser en lo cultural, legal y jurídico.
Nouvelle forme d’organisation de l’entreprise au sein d’un marché commun, la société commerciale supranationale peut relever de plusieurs ordres juridiques. En ce qui concerne, brevitatis causa, son ...« statut personnel », deux méthodes de rattachement législatif s’opposent. La méthode du rattachement unique lie la société au seul ordre juridique dont elle est issue, celle du rattachement opère une complémentarité entre l’ordre juridique supranational et celui du siège social. Les deux méthodes reconnaissent une marge de liberté statutaire. Le choix du rattachement juridique constitue enjeu crucial pour l’adoption du statut de ce type de société et, in fine, pour la réalisation des objectifs lui sont assignés. Seule l’Union européenne connaît de telles structures sociétaires et a choisi la méthode de la pluralité. Pour déterminer la pertinence de ce choix, la problématique est transposée au Mercosur qui envisage d’instituer une société supranationale et doit donc choisir son rattachement juridique. La méthode de l’unicité s’avère alors être la seule à pouvoir répondre aux exigences d’unité, d’uniformité et de cohérence du régime juridique de la société commerciale supranationale. Opposée à la méthode jusqu’ici privilégiée, la méthode du rattachement unique implique une indépendance du statut de cette société par rapport aux sources nationales. Ce choix de l’autonomie participe à l’édification d’un véritable droit des sociétés supranationales. Dans le contexte du Mercosur, ce changement de paradigme peut de surcroît contribuer à bâtir un ordre juridique mercosurien plus efficace dans ses rapports avec les systèmes étatiques. Ces mêmes conclusions autorisent alors à se demander in fine s’il ne faut pas effectuer en Europe un retour à la solution de principe envisagée jadis tant pour la société anonyme européenne que pour la société privée européenne et oser l’unicité du rattachement de ces sociétés à l’ordre juridique européen.
As a new corporate structure within a common market, the supranational trading corporation can be subjected to several legal systems. With respect, brevitatis causa, to its “personal status”, two legislative connecting methods oppose each other. The single connecting method links the company only to the legal system from which it originates, whereas the multiple connecting method leads to a complementarity between the supranational legal system and the legal system of the registered office. Both methods allow some leeway for statutory freedom. The choice of the legislative connection is a crucial issue in adopting the statute of this type of corporation, and, in fine, for the fulfillment of its assigned goals. Only the European Union adopts such corporate structures and it has chosen the multiple connecting method. In order to assess the pertinence of this choice, the problematic is transposed to the Mercosur which is considering to establish a supranational corporation form and is therefore facing the choice between those two connecting methods. The method of a single connection proves to be the only one to ensure unity, uniformity and coherence for the supranational company’s legal regime. As opposed to the preferred method up to now, it implies an independence of the company’s statute from national sources. This choice of autonomy contributes to building a true Law of Supranational Companies. In the context of Mercosur, this change in paradigm may furthermore contribute to creating a more efficient Mercosur’s legal order in relation to the national legal systems. These same conclusions allow us to question ourselves in fine if Europe should not consider returning to its first methodological approach envisaged formerly for both, the European Company and the European Private Company, in this sens daring to link these companies fundamentally to the European legal order.
Provider: - Institution: CSC – Archivio Nazionale Cinema Impresa - Data provided by Europeana Collections- The history of the car manufacturing corporation Fiat from 1899 to the 1950s. Through a ...short overview the film provides insights on the earliest car models and on the production process inside the factories. Italian actress Rossana Podestà is featured at the end of the movie.- Il documentario inizia con la ricostruzione, in chiave comica, della storia dell'automobile. Dai primi prototipi di vettura di fine Ottocento si è fatta molta strada e oggi l'automobile è un oggetto sicuro e indispensabile per tutte le classi sociali. Lo stabilimento della Fiat di Mirafiori, a Torino, rappresenta una delle vette più alte di organizzazione e tecnologia raggiunta dall&aposindustria metalmeccanica nazionale. Qui si producono le utilitarie Fiat tra cui la nuova Fiat 1100E. Il filmato descrive tutte le fasi di lavorazione del modello Fiat: dalla progettazione al collaudo finale su pista. Fiat- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
The central object of the present work was to determine the administrative focus to which the strategies are bounded implemented in the organization of the work by the enabled operators of mobile ...telephony in the state Zulia, in the period 1997- 2004, before the opening of the sector of telecommunications in Venezuela. The used methodology was based on a type of exploratory-descriptive investigation, and a design of non experimental investigation - transeccional, where one worked with the population constituted by all the companies enabled operators of mobile telephony in Zulia state and primary sources and secondary were used for the summary of the information. It was found that the strategies have a hybrid character from the theoretical point of view, since in general terms it was evidenced the I prevail neoclasicista, with systemic elements, centered in responding the necessities of the clients, looking for to maintain and to elevate the positioning in the national market. El objeto central del presente trabajo fue determinar el enfoque administrativo al cual se circunscriben las estrategias implementadas en la organización del trabajo por las operadoras habilitadas de telefonía móvil y fija en el estado Zulia, en el período 1997- 2004, ante la apertura del sector de telecomunicaciones en Venezuela. La metodología utilizada se basó en un tipo de investigación exploratoria-descriptiva, y un diseño de investigación no experimental-transeccional, donde se trabajó con la población constituida por todas las empresas operadoras habilitadas de telefonía móvil y fija en el estado Zulia y se utilizaron fuentes primarias y secundarias para la recopilación de la información. Se encontró que las estrategias tienen un carácter híbrido desde el punto de vista teórico, dado que en términos generales se evidenció el predominio neoclasicista, con elementos sistémicos, centradas en responder las necesidades de los clientes, buscando mantener y elevar el posicionamiento en el mercado nacional.
Provider: - Institution: Ministère de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme - Data provided by Europeana Collections- After the presentation of the slums in Pantin, the film follows the progress of the ...construction of 2 000 HLM housing. It aims to demonstrate how effectively public authorities, the construction companies (ESCA and Pérignon) and the architect Denis Honegger take to heart the construction of this residential unit. The site is growing thanks to modern prefabrication techniques. The last sequences after the inauguration show a happy young couple in its new appartment.- After the presentation of Pantin's miserable neighborhoods, the document allows us to follow the progress of the construction site of two thousand low-cost housing units included in the national program under the industrialized sector. The film shows us how efficiently the public authorities, the companies ESCA and Pérignon and the architect Denis Hoeneger took the construction of this residential unit to heart. We see the construction site evolve thanks to modern prefabrication techniques. The last phases of the film, after the inauguration, show us a young couple happy in their home. Film presented during the exhibition at the Jeu de Paume "Photographies à l'œuvre, la reconstruction des villes françaises (1945-1958)" from 27/11/2011 to 20/05/2012 Château de Tours 25 avenue Malraux, 37000 Tours (Text machine-translated)- Après la présentation des quartiers misérables de Pantin, le document permet de suivre le déroulement du chantier de deux mille logements HLM inscrits dans le programme national au titre du secteur industrialisé. Le film nous démontre avec quelle efficacité les pouvoirs publics, les entreprises ESCA et Pérignon et l'architecte Denis Hoeneger prennent à cœur l'édification de cette unité résidentielle. On voit évoluer le chantier grâce aux techniques modernes de préfabrication. Les dernières phases du film après l'inauguration, nous montrent un jeune couple heureux dans son logement. Film présentés pendant l'exposition au Jeu de Paume "Photographies à l'œuvre, la reconstruction des villes françaises (1945-1958) " du 27/11/2011 au 20/05/2012 Château de Tours 25 avenue Malraux, 37000 Tours- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
« L’Europe ne se fera pas en un jour, ni sans heurts.», dixit Monsieur Robert Schuman. Tel est le constat qui peut encore être fait à l’heure actuelle avec l’adoption, après trente ans d’intenses ...débats au niveau européen, de la Societas Europaea, introduite en droit français avec la loi du 26 juillet 2005 pour la confiance et la modernisation de l’économie, complétée par les décrets du 14 avril 2006 et du 9 novembre 2006. La même analyse peut s’appliquer à la proposition du règlement de la commission européenne relatif au statut de la société privée européenne faite le 25 juin 2008, en cours d’examen devant le Parlement Européen. Il s’agit de démontrer l’existence de normes communautaires flexibles propices au développement des normes statutaires, à l'image de celles applicables à la société privée européenne (SPE) d'origine communautaire et d'essence contractuelle. La SPE doit être analysée comme structure sociétaire, symbole de l’émancipation du droit communautaire et vecteur du principe de libre établissement des sociétés, à la fois par rapport à sa « grande cousine », la société européenne, et à travers l’étude des normes communautaires comme éléments nécessaires au bon fonctionnement des structures européennes.La question est enfin de savoir si le recours à la SPE constitue un instrument pertinent dans les opérations de restructuration intra-communautaire. Deux axes de réflexion semblent s’imposer : l’aménagement des relations contractuelles intragroupe via le modèle de la SPE et la SPE comme élément moteur dans le cadre des opérations de fusion intracommunautaire.
“Europe will not be made in a day, nor without any clashes,” according to Mr Robert Schuman. The statement proved to be true with the adoption, after thirty years of intense debates at the European level, of Societas Europaea, introduced into French law with the bill of July 26, 2005 for the confidence and modernization of the economy, supplemented by the decrees of April 14, 2006 and November 9, 2006. The same analysis can be made of the European Commission proposals for the regulations relating to the statute of the European private company made on June 25, 2008, and now under consideration before the European Parliament. The question is to show the existence of flexible Community standards favourable to the development of statutory standards, in the image of those applicable to the European Private Company of Community origin and which is contractual in essence. The European Private Company should be analysed as a member structure and a symbol of the emancipation of Community legislation as well as a vector of the principle of free establishment of companies both in relation to its “big cousin,” the European Company, and through the study of Community standards as necessary elements to the correct operation of European structures. The next step is to question if resorting to the European Private Company constitutes a relevant instrument in the operations of intracommunitarian reorganization following two main lines of investigation: the adjustment of contractual intragroup relations via the model of the European Private Company and the European Private Company as a mainspring within the framework of intracommunitarian fusion operations.
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