The global surges in obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have created a need for decisive new food policy initiatives. A major concern has been the impact of ...ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and ultra-processed drinks on weight gain and on the risk of several NCDs. These foods, generally high in calories, added sugar, sodium, and unhealthy fats, and poor in fibre, protein, and micronutrients, have extensive negative effects on human health and on the environment (due to their associated carbon emission and water use). There is a growing tendency worldwide, and especially in South America, for food companies to add micronutrients to UPFs to make health claims regarding these products, to which food-regulating authorities refer to fake foods. Although more than 45 countries and smaller subregional or urban entities have created taxes on ultra-processed drinks, such as sugar-sweetened beverages, only a few have adopted taxes on snacks and other UPFs, and none have added major subsidies for truly healthy, fresh or minimally processed food for people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Another major focus has been on developing effective package labelling. A smaller number of countries have selected the most impactful warning labels and linked them with other measures to create a mutually reinforcing set of policies; a few other countries have developed effective school food policies. We herein present in-depth results from key countries involved in all these actions and in comprehensive marketing controls, and conclude with our recommendations for the future. This field is quite new; progress to date is substantial, but much more is left to learn.
These are challenging times for health care executives. The health care field is experiencing unprecedented changes that threaten the survival of many health care organizations. To successfully ...navigate these challenges, health care executives need committed and productive physicians working in collaboration with organization leaders. Unfortunately, national studies suggest that at least 50% of US physicians are experiencing professional burnout, indicating that most executives face this challenge with a disillusioned physician workforce. Burnout is a syndrome characterized by exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced effectiveness. Physician burnout has been shown to influence quality of care, patient safety, physician turnover, and patient satisfaction. Although burnout is a system issue, most institutions operate under the erroneous framework that burnout and professional satisfaction are solely the responsibility of the individual physician. Engagement is the positive antithesis of burnout and is characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption in work. There is a strong business case for organizations to invest in efforts to reduce physician burnout and promote engagement. Herein, we summarize 9 organizational strategies to promote physician engagement and describe how we have operationalized some of these approaches at Mayo Clinic. Our experience demonstrates that deliberate, sustained, and comprehensive efforts by the organization to reduce burnout and promote engagement can make a difference. Many effective interventions are relatively inexpensive, and small investments can have a large impact. Leadership and sustained attention from the highest level of the organization are the keys to making progress.
Promotions and the Peter Principle Benson, Alan; Li, Danielle; Shue, Kelly
The Quarterly journal of economics,
11/2019, Letnik:
134, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
The best worker is not always the best candidate for manager. In these cases, do firms promote the best potential manager or the best worker in their current job? Using microdata on the ...performance of sales workers at 131 firms, we find evidence consistent with the Peter Principle, which proposes that firms prioritize current job performance in promotion decisions at the expense of other observable characteristics that better predict managerial performance. We estimate that the costs of promoting workers with lower managerial potential are high, suggesting either that firms are making inefficient promotion decisions or that the benefits of promotion-based incentives are great enough to justify the costs of managerial mismatch. We find that firms manage the costs of the Peter Principle by placing less weight on sales performance in promotion decisions when managerial roles entail greater responsibility and when frontline workers are incentivized by strong pay for performance.
•Offline price promotions reduce online category sales in short term.•Online price promotions reduce offline category sales in short term.•Effect of online promotions on offline category sales is ...stronger than vice-versa.•Past promotion frequency mainly reduces promotion effectiveness in own channel.•Negative cross-channel promotion effects are stronger for chain loyal customers.
An important consideration for multi-channel grocery retailers is which promotion strategy to adopt across channels. The tendency of grocery buyers to keep visiting the offline store after they start to buy at the chain's online store implies that promotions in one channel can have substantial negative effects on buying behavior in the other channel, especially if the promotions differ across channels. This article examines the cross-channel effects of price promotions on category purchase decisions, taking into account both contemporaneous effects (during the promotion period) and cross-period effects (after the promotion period). For cross-period promotion effects, a distinction is made between lagged promotion effects on subsequent category purchases, and promotion frequency effects on future promotion effectiveness. The results show that (1) promotions in one channel can have negative effects on category purchases in the other channel during the promotion period, (2) these cross-channel effects are asymmetric, (3) high promotion frequency can have negative effects on future promotion effectiveness in the other channel, and (4) cross-channel effects are more negative for more loyal customers of the chain.
Purpose
The prevalence of mental disorders amongst children and adolescents is an increasing global problem. Schools have been positioned at the forefront of promoting positive mental health and ...well-being through implementing evidence-based interventions. The aim of this paper is to review current evidence-based research of mental health promotion interventions in schools and examine the reported effectiveness to identify those interventions that can support current policy and ensure that limited resources are appropriately used.
Methods
The authors reviewed the current state of knowledge on school mental health promotion interventions globally. Two major databases, SCOPUS and ERIC were utilised to capture the social science, health, arts and humanities, and education literature.
Results
Initial searches identified 25 articles reporting on mental health promotion interventions in schools. When mapped against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 studies were included and explored. Three of these were qualitative and seven were quantitative.
Conclusions
A range of interventions have been tested for mental health promotion in schools in the last decade with variable degrees of success. Our review demonstrates that there is still a need for a stronger and broader evidence base in the field of mental health promotion, which should focus on both universal work and targeted approaches to fully address mental health in our young populations.
Does health promotion have a lasting and positive effect on people?
With mounting pressure to reduce costs to the NHS and increasing scepticism of the so-called nanny state, health promotion ...initiatives are increasingly being criticised as costly and ineffective, with many arguing that health inequalities can only be reduced through radical political and economic change.
This book examines the methods used to evaluate the value of health promotion projects and determines whether attempts to change people's lifestyles have proved successful. Taking into account the practical and ethical issues involved in deciding the appropriate approach to take in efforts to reduce health inequalities, the book assesses what might be the best path forward for health promotion.
Background. Crowdsourcing, the process of shifting individual tasks to a large group, may enhance human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing interventions. We conducted a noninferiority, randomized ...controlled trial to compare first-time HIV testing rates among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender individuals who received a crowdsourced or a health marketing HIV test promotion video. Methods. Seven hundred twenty-one MSM and transgender participants (≥ 16 years old, never before tested for HIV) were recruited through 3 Chinese MSM Web portals and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 videos. The crowdsourced video was developed using an open contest and formal transparent judging while the evidence-based health marketing video was designed by experts. Study objectives were to measure HIV test uptake within 3 weeks of watching either HIV test promotion video and cost per new HIV test and diagnosis. Results. Overall, 624 of 721 (87%) participants from 31 provinces in 217 Chinese cities completed the study. HIV test uptake was similar between the crowdsourced arm (37% 114/307) and the health marketing arm (35% 111/317). The estimated difference between the interventions was 2.1% (95% confidence interval, −5.4% to 9.7%). Among those tested, 31% (69/225) reported a new HIV diagnosis. The crowdsourced intervention cost substantially less than the health marketing intervention per first-time HIV test (US$131 vs US$238 per person) and per new HIV diagnosis (US$415 vs US$799 per person). Conclusions. Our nationwide study demonstrates that crowdsourcing may be an effective tool for improving HIV testing messaging campaigns and could increase community engagement in health campaigns. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT02248558.
This book presents a distinct, ethically robust framework for improving population health when the major causes of disease, death and disability are closely associated with human behaviors. Rather ...than relying on a scientific, technological strategy aimed at developing ever more powerful and effective techniques for changing behaviors, a humanistic approach recognizes the unique human capacity for dignity and moral decision-making. As an essential alternative to the scientific assumption of determinism, a humanistic framework is based on the equally viable assumption that human beings have the capacity to exercise autonomy in pursuing their life plans. If people can choose how they want to live their lives, then it is imperative to respect and cultivate their autonomy in making health-promoting decisions. A scientific approach is unsurpassed at identifying effective means for stopping and killing bacteria; the same methods are not appropriate, however, when the objective is to alter human behavior.In a humanistic framework, it is important to acknowledge that autonomous choices are not completely unrestrained--the human condition has significant physical and social limitations--and that certain readily-identifiable social groups face much greater constraints than others, most significantly due to poverty and racism. As explained and justified in this book, the most important task for health promotion is to promote autonomy, and to do this by redressing the hugely disparate yet corrigible barriers faced by people occupying distinct social positions. This project is a matter of social justice--not a scientific and technological problem to be solved, but a moral and political endeavor to engage fellow citizens--in strengthening our social institutions to enable everyone to realize their innate capacities to the fullest extent possible. The book
provides ethical standards, case studies and concrete practical analogies to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of moving the field of health promotion in a new humanistic direction.
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