BackgroundThe advent of an effective novel COVID-19 vaccine could extinguish the current devastating pandemic but the vaccine hesitancy is a hurdle for the public health system, so this study ...estimated the COVID-19 vaccination intention and hesitancy among the healthcare workers, the priority target group for the COVID-19 vaccination in India. MethodsA web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among the healthcare workers in Chandigarh, a union territory in North India, using a Snowball sampling technique. A total of 403 healthcare workers participated in the study between 2nd and 25th January 2021. The primary data collected were the intention to get vaccinated against the available COVID-19 vaccine and the concerns regarding the new vaccines. The attitude towards novel COVID-19 vaccine was assessed using developed Vaccine attitude examination scale. These questionnaire, which were delivered via WhatsApp, was filled by the participants over Google forms. ResultsAmong the 403 respondents surveyed, the majority (54.6%) reported they were definitely intended to get vaccinated against COVID-19, however, 7% expressed a resistance for inoculation with COVID-19 vaccination. The perceived susceptibility (aOR = 0.511, CI 0.265-0.987) and severity of COVID-19 infection (aOR = 0.551 CI 0.196-0.704) and not being concerned about the efficacy of new COVID-19 vaccines (aOR = 0.702 CI 1.109-26.55) were found to have the highest significant odds of intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine. The majority (62%) were concerned about the safety of the vaccine, in terms of side-effects, quality control, and doubted efficacy of the vaccine. The mistrust of the benefits of the vaccine is a significant predictor for vaccine hesitancy among the healthcare workers (aOR = 5.205 CI 3.106-8.723). ConclusionTherefore, strategic communication and vaccine-acceptance programs should be formulated in order to combat the prevailing mistrust on the vaccine safety and efficacy and attain effective coverage to gain herd immunity.
Back to the Breast Martucci, Jessica
2015, 2015-12-15, Letnik:
54064
eBook
After decades of decline during the twentieth century, breastfeeding rates began to rise again in the 1970s, a rebound that has continued to the present. While it would be easy to see this ...reemergence as simply part of the naturalism movement of the '70s, Jessica Martucci reveals here that the true story is more complicated. Despite the widespread acceptance and even advocacy of formula feeding by many in the medical establishment throughout the 1940s, '50s, and '60s, a small but vocal minority of mothers, drawing upon emerging scientific and cultural ideas about maternal instinct, infant development, and connections between the body and mind, pushed back against both hospital policies and cultural norms by breastfeeding their children. As Martucci shows, their choices helped ideologically root a "back to the breast" movement within segments of the middle-class, college-educated population as early as the 1950s.That movement—in which the personal and political were inextricably linked—effectively challenged midcentury norms of sexuality, gender, and consumption, and articulated early environmental concerns about chemical and nuclear contamination of foods, bodies, and breast milk. In its groundbreaking chronicle of the breastfeeding movement, Back to the Breast provides a welcome and vital account of what it has meant, and what it means today, to breastfeed in modern America.
To quantify progress with the initiation of salt reduction strategies around the world in the context of the global target to reduce population salt intake by 30% by 2025.
A systematic review of the ...published and grey literature was supplemented by questionnaires sent to country program leaders. Core characteristics of strategies were extracted and categorised according to a pre-defined framework.
A total of 75 countries now have a national salt reduction strategy, more than double the number reported in a similar review done in 2010. The majority of programs are multifaceted and include industry engagement to reformulate products (n = 61), establishment of sodium content targets for foods (39), consumer education (71), front-of-pack labelling schemes (31), taxation on high-salt foods (3) and interventions in public institutions (54). Legislative action related to salt reduction such as mandatory targets, front of pack labelling, food procurement policies and taxation have been implemented in 33 countries. 12 countries have reported reductions in population salt intake, 19 reduced salt content in foods and 6 improvements in consumer knowledge, attitudes or behaviours relating to salt.
The large and increasing number of countries with salt reduction strategies in place is encouraging although activity remains limited in low- and middle-income regions. The absence of a consistent approach to implementation highlights uncertainty about the elements most important to success. Rigorous evaluation of ongoing programs and initiation of salt reduction programs, particularly in low- and middle- income countries, will be vital to achieving the targeted 30% reduction in salt intake.
School environments affect health and academic outcomes. With increasing secondary school retention in low-income and middle-income countries, promoting quality school social environments could offer ...a scalable opportunity to improve adolescent health and wellbeing.
We did a cluster-randomised trial to assess the effectiveness of a multi-component whole-school health promotion intervention (SEHER) with integrated economic and process evaluations in grade 9 students (aged 13–14 years) at government-run secondary schools in the Nalanda district of Bihar state, India. Schools were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to three groups: the SEHER intervention delivered by a lay counsellor (the SEHER Mitra SM group), the SEHER intervention delivered by a teacher (teacher as SEHER Mitra TSM group), and a control group in which only the standard government-run classroom-based life-skills Adolescence Education Program was implemented. The primary outcome was school climate measured with the Beyond Blue School Climate Questionnaire (BBSCQ). Students were assessed at the start of the academic year (June, 2015) and again 8 months later at the end of the academic year (March, 2016) via self-completed questionnaires. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02484014.
Of the 112 eligible schools in the Nalanda district, 75 were randomly selected to participate in the trial. We randomly assigned 25 schools to each of the three groups. One school subsequently dropped out of the TSM group, leaving 24 schools in this group. The baseline survey included a total of 13 035 participants, and the endpoint survey included 14 414 participants. Participants in the SM-delivered intervention schools had substantially higher school climate scores at endpoint survey than those in the control group (BBSCQ baseline-adjusted mean difference aMD 7·57 95% CI 6·11–9·03; effect size 1·88 95% CI 1·44–2·32, p<0·0001) and the TSM-delivered intervention (aMD 7·57 95% CI 6·06–9·08; effect size 1·88 95% CI 1·43–2·34, p<0·0001). There was no effect of the TSM-delivered intervention compared with control (aMD −0·009 95% CI −1·53 to 1·51, effect size 0·00 95% CI −0·45 to 0·44, p=0·99). Compared with the control group, participants in the SM-delivered intervention schools had moderate to large improvements in the secondary outcomes of depression (aMD −1·23 95% CI −1·89 to −0·57), bullying (aMD −0·91 95% CI −1·15 to −0·66), violence victimisation (odds ratio OR 0·62 95% CI 0·46–0·84), violence perpetration (OR 0·68 95% CI 0·48–0·96), attitude towards gender equity (aMD 0·41 95% CI 0·21–0·61), and knowledge of reproductive and sexual health (aMD 0·29 95% CI 0·06–0·53). Similar results for these secondary outcomes were noted for the comparison between SM-delivered intervention schools and TSM-delivered intervention schools (depression: aMD −1·23 95% CI −1·91 to −0·55; bullying: aMD −0·83 95% CI −1·08 to −0·57; violence victimisation: OR 0·49 95% CI 0·35–0·67; violence perpetration: OR 0·49 95% CI 0·34–0·71; attitude towards gender equity: aMD 0·23 95% CI 0·02–0·44; and knowledge of reproductive and sexual health: aMD 0·22 95% CI −0·02 to 0·47). However, no effects on these secondary outcomes were observed for the TSM-delivered intervention schools compared with the control group (depression: aMD −0·03 95% CI −0·70 to 0·65; bullying: aMD −0·08 95% CI −0·34 to 0·18; violence victimisation: OR 1·27 95% CI 0·93–1·73; violence perpetration: OR 1·37 95% CI 0·95–1·95; attitude towards gender equity: aMD 0·17 95% CI −0·09 to 0·38; and knowledge of reproductive and sexual health: aMD 0·06 95% CI −0·18 to 0·32).
The multi-component whole-school SEHER health promotion intervention had substantial beneficial effects on school climate and health-related outcomes when delivered by lay counsellors, but no effects when delivered by teachers. Future research should focus on the evaluation of the scaling up of the SEHER intervention in diverse contexts and delivery agents.
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, USA and the United Nations Population Fund India Office.
Both theory and empirical evidence suggest that managers’ career concerns can serve as an important source of implicit economic incentives. We examine how incentives for political promotion are ...related to compensation policy and firm performance in Chinese state-owned enterprises. We find that the likelihood that the CEO receives a political promotion is positively related to firm performance. We also find that CEOs with a higher likelihood of political promotion have lower pay levels and lower pay–performance sensitivity. Overall, the evidence suggests that competition in the political job market helps mitigate weak monetary incentives for CEOs in China.
Data are available at
https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2966
.
This paper was accepted by Lauren Cohen, finance.
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