In the U.S., sudden unexpected infant deaths due to accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed are increasing. Though breastfeeding is a protective factor against sudden unexpected infant death, ...motivations to breastfeed often couple with unsafe infant sleep practices. Racial/ethnic disparities are present in sudden unexpected infant death, accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed, and breastfeeding.
Promoting infant safe sleep and breastfeeding through community-level initiatives could address disparities in related outcomes.
Investigate the relationship between community-level strategies and associated state-level outcomes for infant safe sleep and breastfeeding.
We employed an intervention mixed methods framework and exploratory sequential design. The qualitative component entailed a hermeneutical phenomenological framework to analyze key informant interview data from seven U.S. community-level providers participating in a practice improvement initiative. The quantitative component entailed descriptively analyzing infant safe sleep and breastfeeding indicators from the 2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System and Ohio Pregnancy Assessment Survey. Qualitative and quantitative data were linked through embedded integration.
We identified two mixed insights: gaps in promotion and outcomes, and persistent disparities between infant safe sleep and breastfeeding promotion and outcomes.
Our findings indicate conversational approaches could improve infant safe sleep and breastfeeding promotion, outcomes, and relative disparities. We find that community collaboration is needed to address organizational capacity limitations in promoting infant safe sleep and breastfeeding.
Community-level organizations and providers should consider tailoring program offerings and care delivery to include conversational approaches and community collaboration to promote infant safe sleep and breastfeeding and decrease relative disparities in outcomes.
Despite the clear theoretical link between promotions and job performance, the few studies that have tested this relationship have instead found that the role of job performance level in determining ...promotions is much less than might be expected. In 4 studies, we propose and test a different way of thinking about the performance-promotion relationship. Prospect theory, spiraling theory, and sponsored and contest mobility were used to support the notion that change in performance is at least as important to the prediction of promotion decisions as is absolute level of performance. In Study 1, performance and promotion data were collected for 563 white-collar employees at each of 4 time points spread over 6 years. As hypothesized, change in job performance significantly predicted change in workers' hierarchical level (i.e., promotion) beyond previous performance level. In Study 2, we found that upward trends are associated with ratings of future performance expectation and promotability through their effects on attributions of conscientiousness, proactive personality, and job dedication. In Study 3, we replicated the findings of Study 2 and found no evidence of a performance trend by performance level interaction. In Study 4, we showed that those with upward trends are preferred even to those with performance that is consistent and strong. Taken together, our results suggest that the reason for the modest performance-promotion relationships found in previous research may be that performance trends are seen by decision makers as containing at least as much promotion-relevant information as do performance averages or recent performance levels.
The authors estimate the probability of promotion into VP and CEO positions using employer-employee data from all Danish companies observed during the period 1997 to 2007. After controlling for a ...large number of firm and family-related variables, including take-up history of maternity and paternity leave and proxies for female-friendly companies, a considerable gap still occurs in the promotion probabilities for CEO positions. Part of the gap is due to gender differences in the area of specialization as top executive. Women tend to cluster in VP positions in HR, R&D, and IT areas in which the chances of a CEO promotion are lower than for positions as CFOs and VPs in Sales or Production areas.
Evidence on current, national physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) policies is limited. We, therefore, analysed availability, comprehensiveness, implementation, and effectiveness of PA ...and SB policies internationally.
In this cross-sectional study, Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) Country Contacts from 173 countries were asked to provide data on their national PA and SB policies by completing GoPA! Policy Inventory. Data were collected for 76 countries (response rate = 44%).
Formal written policies for PA and SB were found in 92% (95% confidence interval CI: 86, 98) and 62% (95% CI: 50, 75) of countries, respectively. Sixty-two percent (95% CI: 51, 73) of countries have national PA guidelines, while 40% (95% CI: 29, 52) have SB guidelines. Fifty-two (95% CI: 40, 64) and 11% (95% CI: 3, 19) of countries have quantifiable national targets for PA and SB, respectively. The most represented ministries/departments involved in the promotion of more PA and/or less SB were in the sport (reported by 99% countries; 95% CI: 96, 100), health (97%; 95% CI: 94, 100), education (94%; 95% CI: 88, 100), and recreation and leisure (85%; 95% CI: 71, 99) sectors. The median score (0-10) for the comprehensiveness of PA and SB policies was 4 (95% CI: 4, 5) and 2 (95% CI: 2, 3), respectively. For PA and SB policy implementation it was 6 (95% CI: 5, 6). For the effectiveness of PA and SB policies it was 4 (95% CI: 3, 5) and 3 (95% CI: 2, 4), respectively. PA and SB policies were generally best developed in high-income countries and countries of European and Western-Pacific regions.
Most of the included countries have PA policies, but their comprehensiveness, implementation, and effectiveness are generally low-to-moderate. SB policies are less available, comprehensive, implemented, and effective than PA policies. PA and SB policies are better developed in high-income countries, compared with low- and lower-middle-income countries, and in countries of European and Western-Pacific regions, compared with other world regions. More investment is needed in development and implementation of comprehensive and effective PA and SB policies, particularly in low- and lower-middle-income countries.
This paper shows the optimality of a two-tier linear salary scheme in internal labor markets and identifies conditions under which discretionary promotion is better than rule-based promotion and vice ...versa. Our main findings are: (1) regardless of whether discretionary promotion or rule-based promotion is used, a two-tier salary scheme is optimal; (2) the salary is contingent on promotion, which is fixed before and linear after promotion; (3) if the difference in human capital among agents is small, discretionary promotion is superior; (4) if the expected replacement cost of human capital is high, discretionary promotion is superior; (5) if the risk of facing/incurring a high replacement cost of human capital is high, discretionary promotion is superior; (6) if the chance of having a high human capital agent is high, rule-based promotion is likely to be superior; and (7) if the productivity improvement from a job promotion is large, rule-based promotion is likely to be superior. We have also found empirical evidence in support of our theory on the two-tier salary scheme.
•We show an optimal two-tier linear salary scheme in internal labor markets.•Discretionary promotion can be better than a promotion rule and vice versa.•Either with discretionary promotion or a rule, a two-tier salary scheme is optimal.•Salary is contingent on promotion, being fixed before and linear after promotion.
Display omitted
•MoOx-promotion enhances yield of crotyl alcohol by 7-fold over Ir/TUD-1 catalyst.•Ir-MoOx interfacial sites are responsible for the enhanced performance.•Decoration of MoOx on Ir ...alters adsorption and activation of crotonaldehyde.•High decoration of MoOx results in fewer exposed Ir atoms and strong adsorption of crotonaldehyde.
A series of MoOx-promoted Ir/TUD-1 catalysts were tested for liquid phase selective hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde. The promoted catalysts showed higher activity and selectivity than the unpromoted one, with the best performance being obtained on an Ir-0.1Mo/TUD-1 (with a crotyl alcohol yield of 86.7% and a turnover number of 325.7 h−1). The large pore sizes of the TUD-1 is beneficial to the diffusion of the reactant and thus the supported catalyst is more active than that supported on the commercial SiO2. The characterization results revealed decoration of Ir particles by MoOx, which altered the morphologies and electronic properties of the catalysts. Such decoration resulted in the generation of Ir-MoOx interfacial sites, which altered the adsorption and activation of crotonaldehyde molecule and brought up enhanced activity and selectivity. However, at high MoOx content, the Ir surface was fully covered by MoOx, which results in strong adsorption of crotonaldehyde and fewer surface Ir atoms for H2 dissociation and thus declined activity.
Self‐promoted glycosylation using trichloroacetimidates and sulfonamides have recently been developed. In this communication, we study the parameters controlling the chemoselectivity between a ...nucleophilic sulfonamide nitrogen and an alcohol, both contained in the same molecule. The influence of solvent polarity and concentrations have been studied, and it has been revealed how the chemoselectivity, and to some extend the stereoselectivity, can be controlled. The experimental results furthermore provide insight into the reaction mechanism of this self‐promoted glycosylation and the mechanism of glycosylation reactions in general.
The chemo‐ and stereoselectivity of a self‐promoted glycosylation is studied by changing solvents, molarity, and ratio between the glycosyl donor and acceptor. The outcome of the reaction is found to be strongly dependent on these parameters and can, to a large extend, be controlled. SNi and SN1 are suggested to be the competing mechanistic pathways.
We examined worksite health promotion programs, policies, and services to monitor the achievement of the Healthy People 2010 worksite-related goal of 75% of worksites offering a comprehensive ...worksite health promotion program.
We conducted a nationally representative, cross-sectional telephone survey of worksite health promotion programs stratified by worksite size and industry type. Techniques appropriate for analyzing complex surveys were used to compute point estimates, confidence intervals, and multivariate statistics.
Worksites with more than 750 employees consistently offered more programs, policies, and services than did smaller worksites. Only 6.9% of responding worksites offered a comprehensive worksite health promotion program. Sites with a staff person dedicated to and responsible for health promotion were significantly more likely to offer a comprehensive program, and sites in the agriculture and mining or financial services sector were significantly less likely than those in other industry sectors to offer such a program.
Increasing the number, quality, and types of health promotion programs at worksites, especially smaller worksites, remains an important public health goal.
This open access book is a collection of articles based on presentations from the 2020 Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos conference that gives an overview of conference outcomes. The vision ...of the conference has been to unite researchers, scientists, physicians and other healthcare professionals, patient advocates, and students from across the world to discuss research advancements, identify gaps, and develop actionable goals to translate basic research findings into clinical best practices, effective community interventions, and professional training programs to decrease cancer risks and eliminate cancer disparities for Latinos. This conference comes at an especially important time when Latinos – the largest and youngest minority group in the U.S. – are expected to face a 142% rise in cancer cases in the coming years. Disparities continue to impact this population in critical areas: access to preventive and clinical care, changeable risk behaviors, quality of life, and mortality. Each chapter summarizes the presentation and includes current knowledge in the specific topic areas, identified gaps, and opportunities for future research. Topics explored include: Applying an Exposome-Wide (ExWAS) Approach to Latino Cancer Disparities Supportive Care Needs and Coping Strategies Used by Latino Men Cancer Survivors Optimizing Engagement of the Latino Community in Cancer Research Latino Population Growth and the Changing Demography of Cancer Implementation Science to Enhance the Value of Cancer Research in Latinos A Strength-Based Approach to Cancer Prevention in Latinxs Overcoming Clinical Research Disparities by Advancing Inclusive Research Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos: Building Collaboration for Action will appeal to a wide readership due to its comprehensive coverage of topics ranging from basic science and community prevention research to clinical practice to policy. The book is an essential resource for physicians and other medical professionals, researchers, scientists, academicians, patient advocates, and students. It also will appeal to policy-makers, NCI-designated cancer centers, academic centers, state health departments, and community organizations.
Managers and academics often think of price promotions merely as incentives that entice consumers to accept offers that they might not have considered otherwise. Yet the prospect of paying a lower ...price for a product of given quality can also discourage deliberation, in a sense “dumbing down” the purchase encounter by making it less consequential. The authors examine this possibility in a dual-system theory of consumer behavior. Specifically, they argue that price promotion lowers a consumer’s motivation to exert mental effort, in which case purchase decisions are guided less by extensive information processing and more by a quicker, easier, strong conditioner of preference: affect. Field data from a large daily deal company and four controlled experiments support this idea and document its implications primarily for product choice, in turn providing insight into the form and cause of brand switching that manufacturers and retailers can leverage to improve the allocation of promotional budgets and category management.
PDF
