Background and aims
Adolescent alcohol misuse is a growing global health concern. Substantial research suggests that parents have an important role in reducing young people's risk for early ...initiation of alcohol and alcohol‐related harms. To facilitate research translation, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analyses of longitudinal studies examining the range of modifiable parenting factors that are associated with adolescent alcohol initiation and levels of later use/misuse.
Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase. Studies were included if they (i) used a longitudinal design; (ii) were published in English; (iii) measured any modifiable parenting factors in adolescence as predictors; (iv) assessed any alcohol‐related outcome variables in adolescence and/or alcohol‐related problems in adulthood; and (v) had a follow‐up interval of at least 1 year. Parental behaviours were categorized into 12 parenting factors. Stouffer's P analyses were used to determine whether the associations between variables were reliable; when there were sufficient studies available, meta‐analyses were also conducted to estimate mean effect sizes.
Results
Based on 131 studies, three risk factors (parental provision of alcohol, favourable parental attitudes towards alcohol use and parental drinking) and four protective factors (parental monitoring, parent–child relationship quality, parental support and parental involvement) were identified as longitudinal predictors of both alcohol initiation and levels of later alcohol use/misuse, based on their significant results in both Stouffer's P analyses and meta‐analyses. The mean effect sizes were mainly small (rs = −0.224 to 0.263).
Conclusions
Risk of adolescent alcohol misuse is positively associated with parental provision of alcohol, favourable parental attitudes towards alcohol use and parental drinking. It is negatively associated with parental monitoring, parent–child relationship quality, parental support and parental involvement.
A large body of research has emerged over the last decade examining empirical models of general and specific psychopathology, which take into account comorbidity among psychiatric disorders and ...enable investigation of risk and protective factors that are common across disorders. This systematic review presents findings from studies of empirical models of psychopathology and transdiagnostic risk and protective factors for psychopathology among young people (10–24 years). PsycInfo, Medline and EMBASE were searched from inception to November 2020, and 41 studies were identified that examined at least one risk or protective factor in relation to broad, empirically derived, psychopathology outcomes. Results revealed several biological (executive functioning deficits, earlier pubertal timing, genetic risk for ADHD and schizophrenia, reduced gray matter volume), socio-environmental (stressful life events, maternal depression) and psychological (low effortful control, high neuroticism, negative affectivity) transdiagnostic risk factors for broad psychopathology outcomes, including general psychopathology, internalising and externalising. Methodological complexities are discussed and recommendations for future studies of empirical models of psychopathology are presented. These results contribute to a growing body of support for transdiagnostic approaches to prevention and intervention for psychiatric disorders and highlight several promising avenues for future research.
•First systematic review of empirical models of psychopathology and risk and protective factors.•Biological: executive functioning deficits, earlier pubertal timing, genetic risk, gray matter volume.•Socio-environmental: stressful life events, maternal depression.•Psychological: Low effortful control, high neuroticism/negative affectivity.•More multidisciplinary, longitudinal, causally driven research needed.
Abstract Background Adolescence is a peak time for the onset of depression, but little is known about what adolescents can do to reduce their own level of risk. To fill this gap, a review was carried ...out to identify risk and protective factors for depression during adolescence that are modifiable by the young person. Methods Employing the PRISMA method, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies to identify risk and protective factors during the adolescent period (aged 12–18 years) that are potentially modifiable by the young person without professional intervention or assistance. Stouffer׳s method of combining p values was used to determine whether associations between variables were reliable, and meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the mean effect sizes of associations. Results We identified 113 publications which met the inclusion criteria. Putative risk factors implicated in the development of depression for which there is a sound evidence base, and which are potentially modifiable during adolescence without professional intervention, are: substance use (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, other illicit drugs, and polydrug use); dieting; negative coping strategies; and weight. Modifiable protective factors with a sound evidence base are healthy diet and sleep. Limitations Limitations include not systematically reviewing moderators and mediators, the lack of generalisability across cultures or to younger children or young adults, and the inability to conduct a meta-analysis on all included studies. Conclusions Findings from this review suggest that future health education campaigns or self-help prevention interventions targeting adolescent depression should aim to reduce substance use (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, other illicit drugs, and polydrug use); dieting; and negative coping strategies; and promote healthy weight; diet; and sleep patterns.
Non-genetic risk factors play a relevant role in Parkinson's disease (PD) development but the relationship between these factors and PD clinical features is unknown.
The aim of the present ...multicenter study was to investigate possible relationship between risk factors and clinical motor and non-motor features in a large sample of PD patients.
Six hundred ninety-four patients with PD participated. Patients underwent a clinical evaluation assessing motor symptoms and motor complications as well as non-motor symptoms severity. Information regarding pharmacological treatment was also collected. Risk and protective factors were previously identified in the present population and included coffee consumption, cigarette smoking, and physical activity as protective factors and a family history of PD, dyspepsia, exposure to toxic agents and general anesthesia as risk factors. Multiple regression models were used to investigate the relationship between risk factors and clinical variables.
Coffee consumption predicted older age at onset (B: 0.527; CI: 0.195; 0.858) and milder motor symptom severity (B: 1.383; CI: 2.646; −0.121). Non-motor symptom severity was more severe in patients with dyspepsia before PD (B: 13.601; CI 5.019; 22.182) and milder in patients who performed physical activity before PD (B: 11.355; CI: 16.443; −6.266). We found no relationship between risk factors and motor complications, motor subtype and pharmacological treatment.
Risk and protective factors of PD development may influence PD clinical features. This finding may represent the first step in the development of new preventive approaches able to delay disease onset and mitigate the extent of clinical manifestations.
•Coffee consumption before PD onset predicts older age at onset.•Coffee consumption before PD onset predicts milder motor symptoms.•Non-motor symptoms were more severe in patients with dyspepsia before PD onset.•Physical activity before PD predicts milder non-motor symptoms.
Drawing on the tenets of family stress theory, the aim of this study is to examine parents' perceived stress, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and associated risk‐ and protective factors across ...demographic subgroups during in the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Norwegian parents (N = 2868; 79.5% mothers) with >1 child under 18 years of age completed an online survey two weeks after the implementation of government‐initiated distancing measures. The survey includes measures of COVID‐related risk factors (parental stress, burnout, depression, anxiety, anger of parents towards children, difficulty working from home, and positive beliefs about worry) and protective factors (self‐efficacy and social support). Mothers, parents living with more than one child, and parents with a psychiatric diagnosis reported greater levels of parental stress, more burnout, and more anger towards their children, as well as less social support. Almost 25% of the parents reported anxiety and depression that are clinically significant. Parents who followed distancing measures reported significantly higher distress. Anger of parents towards children explains 41% of the variation in parental stress. These findings indicate that parents have experienced symptoms of deteriorated mental health due to the COVID‐ 19 pandemic, including parental stress, anxiety, and depression. The study presents practical implications for meso‐ and macro‐level policymaking and offers support to further the potential aims of public health and clinical interventions. Future studies to monitor long‐term aversive mental health outcomes among parents are warranted.
To explore the impacts of double minority status (ethnic and sexual/gender minority) and protective factors associated with the emotional wellbeing and mental health of Asian Rainbow (sexual/gender ...minority) youth in New Zealand.
The data were extracted from the Youth19 Rangatahi survey, which surveyed 7,374 students from 45 mainstream secondary schools. The comparison groups were Asian non-Rainbow youth and Pākehā (New Zealand European) Rainbow youth. A secondary analysis was performed examining the associations between postulated protective factors and the emotional wellbeing and mental health outcomes of Asian Rainbow youth.
Asian Rainbow youth had higher odds of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts and attempts and lower odds of good emotional wellbeing compared to Asian non-Rainbow youth. However, Asian Rainbow youth had lower odds of anxiety compared to Pākehā Rainbow youth. Among Asian Rainbow youth, family acceptance and feeling safe at school were associated with higher odds of good emotional wellbeing, and lower odds of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. Several other protective factors were also associated with 1 or more (but not all) of the emotional wellbeing and mental health indicators.
This study suggests that family acceptance and feeling safe at school may serve as important buffers mitigating risks of adverse emotional wellbeing experienced by Asian Rainbow youth.
Abstract Background Depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders globally and has implications for various aspects of everyday-life. To date, studies assessing the association between ...social relationships and depression have provided conflicting results. The aim of this paper was to review the evidence on associations between social relationships and depression in the general population. Methods Studies investigating the association of social support, social networks, or social connectedness with depression were retrieved and summarized (searches using Pubmed, ScienceDirect, PsycNet were conducted in May 2014). Results Fifty-one studies were included in this review. The strongest and most consistent findings were significant protective effects of perceived emotional support, perceived instrumental support, and large, diverse social networks. Little evidence was found on whether social connectedness is related to depression, as was also the case for negative interactions. Limitations Due to the strict inclusion criteria relating to study quality and the availability of papers in the domain of interest, the review did not capture ‘gray literature’ and qualitative studies. Conclusion Future research is warranted to account for potential bias introduced by the use of subjective measures as compared to objective measures of received support and actual networks. Due to the heterogeneity between available studies on the measure of social relationships, the inclusion of comparable measures across studies would allow for more valid comparisons. In addition, well-designed prospective studies will provide more insight into causality. Future research should address how social support and networks interact and together affect risks for depression. Social connectedness and negative interactions appear to be underutilized as measures in population-based studies.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND
The values, perspectives, and behavior patterns that begin in adolescence can continue throughout one's life. Because of these lifetime effects, much research has focused on ...adolescent risk and prevention, but a new body of knowledge investigates protective factors and strengths. Positive youth development (PYD) increases internal and external assets during adolescence and is often based within communities. This review, however, focuses on school‐based PYD interventions because these institutions are the largest youth‐serving institutions in the country.
METHODS
This review considered 711 PYD school‐based programs found using 4 databases. We included articles published after 2000, and did not review those reporting on regular school curriculum or activities.
RESULTS
The 24 remaining articles describe PYD programs that fall under 3 general categories: curriculum‐based, leadership development, and student‐based mentorship programs.
CONCLUSIONS
Evaluations indicate that programs increase intrapsychic measures of well‐being in youth as well as social confidence and healthy behaviors. However, it is important to not only include “at‐risk” persons in programming, because a mixed group of young people encourages a more positive peer‐to‐peer climate. In addition, peer mentorship activities should be actively facilitated by an adult supervisor to ensure positive communication and trust between the mentor and mentee.
Recent years have witnessed a plethora of research on cyberbullying. However, many of the published studies have yielded mixed findings related to cyberbullying and its relation to demographic ...variables such as age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Review papers have been published on some of these topics, but comprehensive reviews of the relation between age and cyberbullying victimization and perpetration are lacking, particularly with regard to protective factors. Thus, the current paper takes a developmental approach to examine age and cyberbullying. The review focuses specifically on age variations in technology use, prevalence of cyberbullying involvement, risk and protective factors, and outcomes. Directions for future research, including implications for prevention and intervention, are discussed.
•A developmental approach to ICT use and cyberbullying is discussed.•Cyberbullying risk and protective factors across ages are examined.•Notable gaps in the literature are highlighted, specifically among elementary school age youth and adults.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND
High cannabis use rates among American Indian (AI) adolescents necessitate the identification of factors that protect against early cannabis initiation.
METHODS
Data collected ...from 279 AI middle school students attending reservation‐based schools in 2018 and 2019 were analyzed. Three waves of data, with approximately 6 months between each, were used. A repeated measures latent class analysis examined a school‐related protective factor index over three waves. The predictive power of lifetime cannabis use on school protection class membership was estimated, along with differences in past month cannabis use at follow‐up 2 across school protection classes while holding baseline use constant.
RESULTS
Four school protection classes were identified: high, moderate, low, and declining protection. Abstinence at baseline was associated with an increased odds of membership in the high protection class compared to the moderate and low protection classes. Students with consistent and high school protection throughout middle school were significantly less likely to report past month cannabis use at follow‐up 2 compared to other classes.
IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITY
Maintaining a high level of school protection throughout middle school substantially lowers the odds of cannabis use among AI adolescents.
CONCLUSIONS
Interventions to promote school‐related protective factors in this population are essential and should be designed and tested.
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