El objetivo de este trabajo es abordar el estudio de las situaciones discriminatorias en el seno de la contratación privada. La actitud de uno de los contratantes hacia las características personales ...o sociales del otro (como la raza, el género, la orientación sexual, la nacionalidad, la religión o la condición de salud) puede influir en el ejercicio de la autonomía privada que preside las relaciones contractuales, bien impidiéndole el acceso a bienes y servicios mediante la negativa a contratar o bien imponiéndole condiciones más gravosas que a otra persona con rasgos distintivos diferentes. Se analiza el Derecho contractual antidiscriminatorio europeo y español, así como los mecanismos de tutela ante un trato discriminatorio.
As part of the worldwide pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection, Bangladesh was infected. The firstthree cases were confirmed by the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) in the ...first week of March 2020. The Bangladeshi government immediately required its citizens to comply with the national lockdown to curb the spread of a virus where everyone keeps themselves safe and protected at home except for medical professionals, who risk treating patients in a hospital. This article explores the situation medical professionals go through during the pandemic. This study used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional survey based on frequently asked questions (FAQ). Primary data were obtained from 200 respondents (doctors, nurses, medical professionals). According to the study, the lack of access and availability of PPE such as Particulate Respirator Masks, face shields, protective clothing, protective gloves, and hand sanitizer/disinfectant as facilities in hospitals causes Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, and Post-Stress Disorder Trauma from before. However, a positive correlation was found between lack of supply of protective equipment and increased anxiety, panic disorder, social phobia, etc., among healthcare professionals.
A mathematical model to estimate transmission dynamics of COVID-19 is developed. A real data of confirmed cases for Ethiopia is used for parameter estimation via model fitting. Results showed that, ...the diseases free and endemic equilibrium points are found to be locally and globally asymptotically stable for Ro < 1 and Ro > 1 respectively. The basic reproduction number is Ro = 1.5085. Optimal control analysis also showed that, combination of optimal preventive strategies such as public health education, personal protective measures and treatment of hospitalized cases are effective to significantly decrease the number of COVID-19 cases in different compartments of the model.
This article examines the issue of the creation of case law in regard to interim measures in civil proceedings. Taking into account the rules for the formation of court precedents, the author ...assesses how court precedents are created by applying interim measures. The article draws attention to the peculiarities of the court system of Lithuania in the formation of court practice regarding interim measures. It is emphasized that, at this moment, there is no single institution in the Lithuanian legal system that forms the final case law on issues of interim measures, and on certain issues the case law is contradictory. The article also analyzes the right of the cassation court to create case law on interim measures. Lastly, the author offers suggestions on how to solve the issues discussed.
•Recent research has revealed important role of biogenic deterioration of concrete.•Biogenic deterioration is a serious problem in submerged structures.•Nanomaterials have the novel functionalities ...such as self-protection and anti-corrosion ability.•This paper presents an overview of nano-enabled protection of concrete structures.•Special focus is on biogenic deterioration and its protection.
Concrete is used in great volumes for construction of buildings, roads, sewer systems, marine structures, bridges, and tunnels. Although chemical degradation is regarded as the major cause of their deterioration, recent research has revealed important role of biogenic deterioration. In particular, biogenic deterioration is a serious problem in sewer systems, subsea pipelines, bridge piers, oil and gas pipelines, and offshore platforms. Recently, nanomaterial-embedded concrete and nanomaterial-incorporated coatings with novel functionalities such as self-protection and anti-corrosion ability have been successfully developed for prevention and control of concrete deterioration. This paper presents an overview of both existing control measures and recent progress on development of nano-enabled approaches for protection of concrete structures against biogenic deterioration.
Background:In Egypt, the arrival of COVID-19 pandemic triggered national preparedness and integrated response including public commitment to personal protective measures PPM. The aim of the work: To ...investigate the public implementation of PPM in Damietta Governorate – Egypt during COVID-19 pandemic. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on web-based survey. A total of 500 adult participants 59% female: 18–72 years were selected between April 10 and July 15, 2020, from Damietta, Egypt to complete a questionnaire. Participants were asked about their sources of knowledge and to indicate how often they implemented PPM recommended by World Health Organization WHO including hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene & etiquette, social distancing, and self-isolation. Results: The best practices were frequent hand washing 38.2% followed by covering nose & mouth 23.6% while avoiding hand greeting, self-isolation, social distancing and wearing face mask ranged only from 10%–15%. In total, only 11.6% reported accepted implementation of all PPM representing the overall prevalence. Reliable sources of information were represented by 13%–43.5% while 66% depended on social media. Participants with older age, female, married, university education or higher, urban residents, nonsmokers and working in health field were more likely to report accepted implementation of overall PPM. Conclusion: The protective measures implemented by ordinary citizens in Damietta are insufficient and further public awareness activities are required.
Older adults might be less information-seeking in comparison to younger adults. Yet, when a crisis hits, rather than relying on only a few information sources, it is important for people to gather ...information from a variety of different sources. With more information sources, people are more likely to obtain a more realistic perception of the situation and engagement of health behaviors. This study examined the association between age and information-seeking patterns, and how information-seeking patterns influenced worry about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and protective measures taken during the pandemic.
This study was conducted from March to May 2020. Ninety younger adults and 105 older adults were recruited in a 21-day daily diary study. Participants reported the types of sources where they received COVID-19-related information, worry from these information sources and protective health behaviors performed each day. Multilevel serial mediation analysis was performed.
Concurrent and time-lagged analyses both revealed that older adults received information from more sources, and more frequently from traditional (e.g., newspaper and TV) and interpersonal sources (e.g., information shared by friends and families), than did younger adults. When receiving information from more sources, older adults were more worried about COVID-19 and performed more protective health behaviors.
These results demonstrated the utility of having more information sources in the context of a public health crisis and offered suggestions for future public communication and community engagement.
This survey assessed the symptoms/signs, protective measures, awareness, and perception levels regarding COVID-19 among dentists in Lombardy, Italy. Moreover, an analysis of the answers gathered in ...areas with different prevalence of the disease was carried out. All Lombardy's dentists were sent an online ad hoc questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into four domains: personal data, precautionary measures (before patient arrival; in the waiting room; in the operating room), awareness, and perception. Three thousand five hundred ninety-nine questionnaires were analyzed. Five hundred two (14.43%) participants had suffered one or more symptoms referable to COVID-19. Thirty-one subjects were positive to the virus SARS-CoV-2 and 16 subjects developed the disease. Only a small number of dentists (
= 72, 2.00%) were confident of avoiding infection; dentists working in low COVID-19 prevalence areas were more confident than those working in the Milan area and high prevalence area (61.24%, 61.23%, and 64.29%,
< 0.01 respectively). The level of awareness was statistically significantly higher (
< 0.01) in the Milan area (71.82%) than in the other areas. This survey demonstrated that dentists in the COVID-19 highest prevalence area, albeit reported to have more symptoms/signs than the rest of the sample, were the ones who adopted several precautionary measures less frequently and were the more confident of avoiding infection.
•Failure mechanisms of traditional timber, concrete and steel sleepers are identified.•Current practices for minimising sleeper failures are provided.•The possibility of using new alternative sleeper ...materials are investigated.
Over the last two decades, the premature failures of traditional railway sleepers have significantly increased the track maintenance costs. The primary obstacle to minimising this problem is the lack of understanding of the mechanism of sleeper degradation. This paper discusses the different deterioration mechanisms for traditional timber, concrete and steel sleepers and the potential protective measures to minimise these problems. This paper exhaustively reviews the failure mechanisms of these three commonly used sleeper materials with suggested solutions. Fungal decay, end splitting and termite attacks has been identified as the principal causes of timber sleeper failures. On the other hand, concrete sleepers are vulnerable to rail-seat deterioration, cracking and damaging under different loading conditions and adverse environments. Steel’s risk of corrosion and fatigue cracking makes it an inferior-quality material for sleeper. Solution approaches are recommended and provided in this paper in order to the best utilise these different railway sleeper materials. New materials are also introduced as effective alternative to replace the traditional railway sleepers.
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•The prevalence of WHO personal protective measures was approximately 60–85%.•The prevalence of avoiding touching the eyes, nose, and mouth was the lowest.•Only 34.7% implemented all ...5 personal protective measures recommended by the WHO.•Some ordinary citizens may practice insufficient personal protective measures.
To clarify the implementation status of personal protective measures by ordinary citizens in Japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak.
This was a cross-sectional study based on internet-based survey. A total of 2400 people (50% male: 20–79 years) were selected between February 25 and 27, 2020, from registrants of an Internet research company, to complete a questionnaire. Participants were asked to indicate how often they implemented the following five personal protective measures recommended by the World Health Organization (hand hygiene, social distancing measures, avoiding touching the eyes, nose and mouth, respiratory etiquette, and self-isolation). In addition, the participants responded to questions regarding the daily frequency of hand hygiene events.
The prevalence of the five personal protective measures ranged from 59.8% to 83.8%, with the lowest being avoiding touching the eyes, nose, and mouth. In total, 34.7% implemented all personal protective measures. The median daily hand hygiene events were 5 per day (25th percentile, 75th percentile: 3,8).
The protective measures implemented by ordinary citizens are insufficient and further public awareness activities are required.
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