Orexin acts as an orexigenic factor for the regulation of appetite and rhythmicity in rodents. In goldfish, intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of orexin A has been shown to affect not only ...food intake, but also locomotor activity. However, as there is still no information regarding the effect of orexin A on emotional behavior in goldfish, we investigated the effect of orexin A on psychomotor activity in this species. Intracerebroventricular administration of synthetic orexin A at 2 and 4pmol/g body weight (BW) enhanced locomotor activity, and this enhancement by orexin A at 4pmol/g BW was attenuated by treatment with the orexin receptor 1 antagonist, SB334867, at 10pmol/g BW. Since intact goldfish prefer a black to a white background area, or the lower to the upper area of a tank, we used two types of preference tests (black/white and upper/lower tests) for measuring anxiety-like behavior in goldfish. Intracerebroventricular administration of orexin A at 4pmol/g BW shortened the time spent in the white background area, and increased the time taken to move from the lower to the upper area. This action of orexin A mimicked that of the central-type benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist, FG-7142 (an anxiogenic agent), at 4pmol/g BW. The anxiogenic-like effect of orexin A was abolished by treatment with SB334867 at 10pmol/g BW. These results indicate that orexin A potently affects psychomotor activity in goldfish.
•Orexin A affects locomotor and psychomotor activities in goldfish.•The action of orexin A is blocked by treatment with SB334867.•Orexin A exerts anxiogenic-like effects in goldfish.
The objectives of article are: to propose the author’s view on biomechanical laws which show the picture of disorders of psychomotor function; to make the research and to analyze obtained data on the ...initial state of motor function of patients with ischemic stroke of the subgroup «plesia + paresis»; to propose psychological principles of the development of general compensatory reactions of the patient in a case of physical rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke. Methods of the research. We used the method of the analysis of literature sources; the method of pedagogical observation; psychological and pedagogical experiment; providing the research of psycho-emotional state (M. Lucher’s test is used). The results of the research. We proved that regardless of the level of disorders, the picture of disorders of psychomotor function is subjected to certain biomechanical laws: 1. The rule of redistribution of functions of the affected limb. The functionality of the affected limb to maintain body weight is significantly reduced. This is especially noticeable in the period of single support: decreases both absolute and relative in time intervals of the function of single support, as well as the duration of the period of this support. But this kind of unloading of the sick side must be compensated, because the period of support of a healthy leg increases significantly. The change of periods of support has an obvious consequence – the increase of the sick side of the transfer time, also of the healthy side – we mean its reduction. 2. The rule of functional copying of another person’s movements. Pathological asymmetry is not beneficial to the body in terms of energy or mechanics. The need to maintain the relative symmetry of the function of the right and left sides of the body leads to the following conclusion: the healthy side of the body (or a limb) has a considerable functional reserve than a sick limb, so the reduction of functional asymmetry occurs by approximating the pattern of functioning of a healthy limb. 3. The rule of ensuring the optimum in psychomotor activity. The functioning of all elements of the normal cycle of psychomotor activity is the basis of physiological optimality of the individual. Any deviations from physiological optimality require the inclusion of additional adaptive reserves, which are slightly altered on the affected side. It is possible to provide the patient with optimal functioning due to the functional stress of a healthy side. Conclusions. We proposed psychological principles of the development of general compensatory reactions of the patient in a case of physical rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke were proposed in this research. These principles are: 1) the principle of actualization of the defect; 2) the principle of progressive mobilization of compensatory mechanisms of psychomotor activity; 3) the principle of continuous reverse of concentration of compensatory mechanisms of the psyche of the person; 4) the principle of sanctioning compensatory mechanisms of the psyche of the person; 5) the principle of relative stability of the compensatory mechanisms of the psyche of the patient. It was proved that in a case of ischemic strokes there is a certain dynamics of recovery of locus disorders. Firstly, reflex functions and tone are restored, then psychomotor actions (global and coordinating synkinesis) and auxiliary actions appear, and finally arbitrary movements are restored. In order to begin to restore tendon reflexes and muscle tone, it is necessary to normalize the functions of the spinal cord. We emphasized that compensation of certain function that had disorders is based on the restructuring of the old stereotype and the development of a new dynamic stereotype. The most important point of compensation for structural and functional disorders in the case of psychomotor pathology is active participation in the rehabilitation process and the patient himself/herself, who should seek to activate the body’s systems, which are not affected at all or suffered insignificantly. It has been shown that due to new unaffected parts of the central nervous system, it is possible to rearrange the innervation between the antagonists.
The objectives of our article are: 1) to study the characteristics of disorders of psychomotor function and psycho-emotional state of patients with ischemic stroke according to the initial ...examination; 2) to develop the method of physical rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke at the inpatient stage of rehabilitation, depending on the severity of psychomotor functions and features of the psycho-emotional state; 3) to propose psychological principles of the formation of general compensatory reactions of the patient with ischemic stroke in a case of physical rehabilitation. Research methods. There were used psychological and pedagogical research methods: the analysis of literature sources, the method of psychological and pedagogical observation, psychological and pedagogical experiment, providing the research of psycho-emotional state (M. Lucher’s test is used (Lucher,2012)), determination of motor activity on the “Scale of psychomotor activity” by L.S. Rohovyk (Роговик, 2013). For our research we proposed “The author’s methodology of measuring the amount of active movements in the joints of the patient’s limbs” (Харченко & Михальчук, 2022a) and “Six-point scale for assessing muscle strength in the joints of the patient’s limbs” (Харченко & Михальчук, 2022b). The results of the research. Patients showed increased tone in the flexion of the ankle joint and extension of the hip and knee joints. In other muscle groups, the tone was not increased, and in the upper extremities there was a decrease in muscle tone. Muscle strength was statistically significant. In a case of the research of the limbs of the unaffected side, the following data were obtained: the volume of active movements was 55.68% ± 4.3 of the appropriate volume of movements and the values are significantly higher. The rate of passive movements was higher than the affected party (at the level of reliability and amounted to 63.06% ± 3.9 of the appropriate volume of passive movements and corresponded to the average values for the age group of respondents. The mean value of muscle strength was 61.28% ± 7.3 values are statistically significant of the affected side. Muscle tone on the unaffected side was higher than normal and was 27.9% ± 3.6 of the maximum value. It was proved that the amount of passive movements in the experimental group as a whole is slightly lower than in the control group. Conclusions. Adequate tonal response of the muscular system leads to the formation of a pathological static stereotype. We proposed psychological principles for the formation of general compensatory reactions of the patient in a case of physical rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke: 1. The principle of actualization of the defect. 2. The principle of progressive mobilization of compensatory mechanisms of psychomotor activity. 3. The principle of continuous reverse concentration of compensatory mechanisms of the personality psyche. 4. The principle of authorizing the compensatory mechanisms of the individual psyche. 5. The principle of relative stability of the compensatory mechanisms of the individual psyche.
Highlights ► CRH affects locomotor and psychomotor activities in goldfish. ► The action of CRH is blocked by treatment with α-helical CRH(9–41) . ► CRH exerts anxiogenic-like effects in fish.
•Cocaine prior to pregnancy enhanced psychomotor sensitivity to cocaine in adult male offspring.•This enhanced sensitivity to cocaine in the offspring was associated with increased gene expression of ...DRD1 in mPFC.•Cocaine prior to pregnancy had no effect on maternal behavior during lactation.•Cocaine prior to pregnancy had no effect on CORT, GR or CRF gene expression in offspring.
There is evidence that maternal experience prior to pregnancy can play an important role in behavioral, physiological, and genetic programming of offspring. Likewise, exposure to cocaine in utero can result in marked changes in central nervous system function of offspring. In this study, we examined whether exposure of rat dams to cocaine prior to pregnancy subsequently alters indices of behavior, physiology, and gene expression in offspring. Multiple outcome measures were examined in adult male offspring: (1) behavioral expression of cocaine-induced psychomotor activation; (2) levels of corticosterone in response to immobilization stress; and (3) expression of multiple genes, including dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) and D2 (DRD2), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), in functionally relevant brain regions. Adult Sprague-Dawley females were exposed to cocaine (15–30mg/kg, i.p.) or saline for 10 days, and were then mated to drug naïve males of the same strain. Separate groups of adult male offspring were tested for their acute psychomotor response to cocaine (0, 15, 30mg/kg, i.p.), corticosterone responsivity to 20min of immobilization stress, and expression of multiple genes using quantitative PCR. Offspring of dams exposed to cocaine prior to conception exhibited increased psychomotor sensitivity to cocaine, and upregulated gene expression of DRD1 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Neither stress-induced corticosterone levels nor gene expression of GR or CRF genes were altered. These data suggest that cocaine exposure before pregnancy can serve to enhance psychomotor sensitivity to cocaine in offspring, possibly via alterations in dopamine function that include upregulation of the DRD1.
This action-research project was conducted to determine how the use of principles of active learning, specifically collaboration, had an effect on psychomotor performance and achievement in teamwork. ...The research setting included 20 students of first grade from a private school located in Bogota, Colombia. The students were selected through not randomized sampling based on criteria. The methodological process included observation, interviews, and a scale based on standardized tests to measure skills; the latter was applied before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using a triangulation of qualitative data, and through comparative analysis of the initial and final student profile for quantitative inputs. The results showed that, after the intervention with collaborative techniques based on action learning, students achieved a positive variation in their performance. Being part of a team positively affected the achievement of the objectives. Systematical reflection on their practices fostered their capacity to identify strengths and weaknesses to build knowledge in interaction with others. Knowledge construction was nurtured based in their previous experiences. Students showed more accountability and self-directed learning behaviors, according to their age. Overall the experience showed the importance of research and innovation in the classroom in order to provide meaningful data, so teachers and researchers can engage in providing learning experiences based in active learning.
São apresentados os resultados de um processo de investigação-ação, com dados quantitativos e qualitativos, cujo objetivo foi estabelecer como o uso dos princípios da aprendizagem ativa no ensino, particularmente a colaboração, impacta nos processos de aprendizagem, especificamente no trabalho em equipe e desempenho psicomotor de um grupo de estudantes da primeira série. Participaram 20 estudantes, que foram selecionados por amostragem intencional, com base em critérios de nível básico da primeira série do ensino fundamental de uma escola particular em Bogotá, Colômbia. As técnicas aplicadas foram a observação, entrevistas e também foram recolhidos dados com base em testes padronizados de coordenação motora, antes e após o processo; a análise dos dados foi realizada utilizando triangulação de dados qualitativos. Com os dados quantitativos foram feitos análise comparativa dos perfis iniciais e finais de estudantes. Os resultados indicam que, após a intervenção educativa na qual a colaboração com base na aprendizagem ativa é usada, os estudantes alcançaram uma variação positiva no desempenho das competências observadas; o fato de fazer parte de uma equipe de trabalho contribuiu positivamente na realização dos objetivos propostos; ao realizar, constantemente, a reflexão individual sobre as suas práticas, foram capazes de identificar os erros e os acertos na construção de conhecimento interatuando com os demais; que facilitou o desenvolvimento do conhecimento relacionado com a aprendizagem prévia e ajudou em que os estudantes fossem mais responsáveis e autodirigidos. Além disso, se reconhece a importância da inovação nos processos de ensino-aprendizagem na sala de aula, com a finalidade de contar com dados significativos para docente e pesquis
Se presentan los resultados de un proceso de investigación-acción, con datos cuantitativos y cualitativos, cuyo objetivo fue establecer cómo el uso de los principios del aprendizaje activo en la práctica docente, particularmente la colaboración, incidía en los procesos de aprendizaje, en específico, en el trabajo en equipo y el desempeño psicomotriz de un grupo de estudiantes de primer grado. Participaron 20 estudiantes que se seleccionaron mediante muestreo intencional basado en criterios, de grado primero de nivel básico de un colegio privado en Bogotá, Colombia. Se aplicaron técnicas como la observación, se realizaron entrevistas y recolectaron datos con base en pruebas de motricidad estandarizadas, antes y después del proceso; el análisis de datos se realizó mediante triangulación de los datos cualitativos, y el análisis comparativo del perfil inicial y final del estudiantado para los cuantitativos. Los resultados indican que luego de la intervención didáctica en la cual se utilizó colaboración fundamentada en aprendizaje activo, el estudiantado logró una variación positiva en el desempeño de las competencias observadas; que ser parte de un equipo de trabajo incidió positivamente en el logro de los objetivos propuestos; que al realizar, de manera constante, reflexión individual sobre sus prácticas, fueron capaces de identificar aciertos y desaciertos para construir conocimiento en la interacción con las demás personas; que se facilitó el desarrollo de saberes en conexión de los aprendizajes previos y se logró que el estudiantado fuera más responsable y autodirigido. Asimismo, se reconoció la importancia de innovar en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el aula, de manera que se cuente con datos significativos para el personal docente e investigador que opte por proveer experiencias de aprendizaje basadas en principios de aprendizaje activo.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide belonging to a family of neuropeptides that includes urocortins, urotensin I, and sauvagine in vertebrates. CRH and urocortin act ...as anorexigenic factors for satiety regulation in fish. In a goldfish model, intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of CRH has been shown to affect not only food intake, but also locomotor and psychomotor activities. In particular, CRH elicits anxiety-like behavior as an anxiogenic neuropeptide in goldfish, as is the case in rodents. This paper reviews current knowledge of CRH and its related peptides derived from studies of teleost fish, as representative non-mammals, focusing particularly on the role of the CRH system, and examines its significance from a comparative viewpoint.
Orexin system in teleost fish Matsuda, Kouhei; Azuma, Morio; Kang, Ki Sung
Vitamins and hormones,
2012, Letnik:
89
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Orexin is a neuropeptide distributed widely among vertebrates. In mammals, orexin and its receptor system are involved in the regulation of food intake, locomotion, and psychomotor activities ...including the sleep/wakefulness cycle. With regard to nonmammalian vertebrates, there has also been intensive study aimed at the identification and functional characterization of orexin and its receptor, and recent investigations of the role of orexin have revealed that it exerts behavioral effects in teleost fish. Goldfish and zebrafish are excellent teleost fish models, and in these species it has been demonstrated that orexin increases food consumption as an orexigenic factor and enhances locomotor activity, as well as being involved in the regulation of active and rest status (circadian rhythmicity and the sleep/wakefulness cycle), as is the case in mammals. This chapter reviews current knowledge of orexin derived from studies of teleost fish, as representative nonmammals, focusing particularly on the role of the orexin system, and examines its significance from a comparative viewpoint.
Functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) allows the noninvasive and uncomplicated registration of intracranial blood flow parameters under defined conditions of stimulation. Although local ...distribution patterns of regional blood perfusion can be measured with high spatial resolution through neuroimaging methods (e.g., PET or SPECT), these methods are limited by their low temporal resolution. The high temporal resolution provided by fTCD, however, allows the recording of the dynamic component of cerebral blood perfusion by continuously measuring the cerebral blood flow velocity in the basal cerebral arteries. Hence, this method is especially appropriate for the investigation of fast neuronal activation processes, which are generally accompanied by changes in local blood perfusion. In this review, we present methodical issues regarding fTCD, as well its application in the field of psychology, especially psychophysiology. The relevant studies available to date investigate processes of attention and perception, higher cognitive functions, and emotional and psychomotor processes. Considering the current state of methodology and research, fTCD can be seen to be an important complement to the other psychophysiological methods for studying brain function.
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