Ptice gnjezdarice Paluda, Istra Taylor, Louie Thomas; Hadžalić, Sanjin; Horvat, Katarina ...
Larus - Godišnjak Zavoda za ornitologiju Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti,
03/2021, Letnik:
55, Številka:
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Tijekom proljeća 2020. godine provedeno je istraživanje ornitofaune u ornitološkom rezervatu Palud. Zabilježeno je 35 gnijezdećih vrsta ptica. Najbrojnije vrste su crnokapa grmuša Sylvia atricapilla, ...slavuj Luscinia megarhynchos, kos Turdus merula i bjelobrka grmuša Sylvia cantillans. Osjetljiva gnjezdarica Hrvatske, vlastelica Himantopus himantopus i malobrojna gnjezdarica Hrvatske, utva Tadorna tadorna zabilježene su kao gnijezdeće vrste. Potvrđeno je i gniježđenje kopca Accipiter nisus, vijoglava Jynx torquilla i goluba grivnjaša Columba palumbus koji do sada nisu bili zabilježeni na ovom području.
Cilj je istraživanja bio prilagoditi metodu protočne citometrije, koja se inače primjenjuje u analizi neutrofila, za analizu funkcija ptičjih heterofila. Uzorci krvi 10 kokoši dobiveni su iz ...klaonica. Uzevši u obzir količinu krvi, kao i trajanje pohrane krvnih uzoraka odnosno vrijeme inkubacije, analizirana su stanična suspenzija, dihidrorodamin-123 (DHR-123), forbol-12-miristat-13-acetat (PMA) i N-formil-metionil-leucil-fenilalanin (fMLP). Rezultati su pokazali da se 0,5 – 3 mL krvi može upotrijebiti za otkrivanje funkcija heterofila te da bi idealno bilo analizirati svježe uzorke krvi. Osim toga rezultati su pokazali da se i krv pohranjena na temperaturi od +4 °C, u vremenu do 8 sati, može upotrijebiti ako je to potrebno. Kako bi se stanice izolirale, dovoljno je centrifugirati 30 minuta uz primjenu stanične suspenzije od 30 μL. Kao kemijsku probu za mjerenje funkcija heterofila trebalo bi upotrijebiti 2 μL DHR-123. Prekomjerna upotreba DHR-123 negativno je utjecala na funkcije heterofila. Također, uočeno je da je bila dovoljna primjena 2 μL fMLP-a, koji služi kao stimulans oksidacijskog izgaranja, kao i primjena 2 μL PMA-a kao stimulansa kemotaktičke aktivnosti. Zaključeno je da je inkubacija na temperaturi od 41 °C, tijekom 5 minuta poslije stimulacije heterofila također dovoljna. Rezultati su pokazali da se metode ustanovljene u ovom radu mogu primijeniti za izolaciju heterofila i njihovu analizu protočnom citometrijom, čime se doprinosi daljnjim istraživanjima i kliničkim studijama u peradi.
Pojavljanje vodnih ptic in ujed na območju vodnega zadrževalnika Medvedce (Dravsko polje, SV Slovenija) v obdobju 2002-2008
Between 2002 and 2008, 251 systematic surveys of waterbirds and raptors ...were carried out during 10-day periods. The main objective of the research was to ascertain the numbers and temporal dynamics of the birds occurring at the reservoir and to define their status. During the research period, more than half of the reservoir was constantly under water between March and October owing to the fishfarming purposes, with fields prevailing in its vicinity. By taking into consideration some older data, 115 species of waterbirds and raptors were registered in the area by the end of 2008, 108 of them during the 2002-2008 period. The status of each species is given quantitatively with different categories of their abundance and occurrence frequency, while data for species occurrence dynamics with more than 10 are presented in the species overview. Confirmed and probable breeding was ascertained for 33 species, while another two were confirmed to breed in the vicinity of the research area. Most of the species (100) have passage migrant status; 13 of these were recorded only once in the 2002-2008 period. Five species were present all the year round. The highest number of species was recorded during the two migration periods, in the spring between end of March and the first half of April, in the autumn between the second half of August and early September (mean value of 32-40 species). The lowest number of species, usually around 10, was registered in the winter period, when the reservoir was for the most part empty or frozen over. The total number of individuals was again highest during the migration period, although significantly higher in autumn than in spring. The highest number of birds was usually recorded between the end of August and mid-September (median between 4,500 and 5,000 individuals). During the 2002-2008 period, it was only the Grey Heron Ardea cinera that frequented the reservoir during all our visits, while in more than 90% of our visits the Great Egret Casmerodius albus and the Mallard Anas platyrhynchos were registered. 32 species were observed less than ten times. The three most abundant species, i.e. the Coot Fulica atra, the Mallard and the Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus, constituted 76.1% of all counted birds. Dominance was higher than 0.1% in 26 species. The Mallard and the Coot were in most of the years eudominant species in the warmer half of the year.
Rudarske i industrijske aktivnosti povezane s raškim ugljenom rezultirale su ispuštanjem raznih onečišćujućih tvari u lokalni okoliš. Te tvari i dalje su prisutne u lokalnome tlu, vodi i biljkama te ...su dostupne životinjama unosom hrane. U ovome istraživanju uzorci tkiva ukupno 12 ptica iz područja Raše te 8 ptica iz kontrolnoga područja podvrgnuti su multielementnoj (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Pb) analizi s pomoću metode ICP-MS. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su povišene koncentracije Se i Cd u nekim uzorcima tkiva ptica u usporedbi s kontrolnim područjem. Najveće koncentracije Cu, Zn i Se nađene su u uzorcima jetre, dok su najviše koncentracije Cd i Pb nađene u bubrezima. Iako su neki opasni elementi u tragovima povišeni u tkivima prikupljenih divljih ptica, analizom podataka utvrđeno je da je rizik od prehrambena unosa (meso i iznutrice) tih vrsta vrlo nizak.
Extended description:
Izjavi Boruta Mozetiča, iz društva za opazovanje ptic in Zofije Pavlin z Bertokov.
Borut Mozetič from the Society for Bird Watching and Zofija Pavlin from Bertoki gave their ...statements regarding massive number of bird deaths.
Information:
Severe pollution of the Škocjanski zatok, a nature reserve located in the vicinity of Koper, with dead birds.
Original language summary:
Onesnaženje Škocjanskega zatoka, naravnega rezervata, ki se nahaja v neposredni bližini Kopra, in množični pogin ptic.
Rudarenjem i spaljivanjem ugljena u okoliš se ispuštaju onečišćivala koja se tamo zadrže desetljećima. Rad donosi podatke o koncentraciji Se i teških metala (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sr, U, V i Zn) u ...salati, krumpiru i tkivima (jetra, bubreg, srce i mišići) ptica stanarica (golub, šojka, i crna liska) iz područja Raškoga zaljeva (sjeverni Jadran, Hrvatska). Njihova izloženost povišenim razinama Se i teških metala u povrtnome tlu, površinskoj vodi i riječnome sedimentu onečišćenima visokosumpornim raškim ugljenom, obogaćenom sa S, Se, V i U, vrlo je vjerojatna. Rezultati upućuju na zagađenost vode selenom (do 78 μg/L ukupni Se u nefiltriranome uzorku), što je znatno iznad hrvatskoga regulacijskog praga od 10 μg/L ukupnoga Se. Dotična voda potječe s mjesta bivše jedinice za sortiranje i pranje ugljena, a pridneni sediment sadržava do 10,8 mg/kg ukupnoga Se, što je također iznad sigurne razine od 0,60 mg/kg ukupnoga Se. Štoviše, u većini uzoraka vode, kao i u analiziranim uzorcima povrća, tla i riječnoga sedimenta, povišene su vrijednosti Mo, U, V i Sr, uobičajeno povišenih u takvim ugljenima. Iako su Cu, Zn, Pb i V blago povišeni u uzorcima jetre ptica, ponajprije u crnoj liski u odnosu na ostale dvije ptice, pronađeno je da su vrijednosti Se odgovarajuće za njihov normalan rast. Činjenica da Se može biti opasan za okoliš i otrovan za život, čak i u malim količinama, dodatno potiče na daljnja znanstvena istraživanja ovoga problema.
Antropogenim aktivnostima povećava se razina metala i polumetala u okolišu rezultirajući njihovim zagađenjem. Mjerenje teških metala i polumetala neinvazivnim metodama dobar je pokazatelj stanja ...okoliša. U radu su predstavljeni rezultati prve analize teških metala: olova i kadmija te dva metaloida: arsena i selena u perju sivih čaplji Ardea cinerea koje se gnijezde u Hrvatskoj. Uzorkovanje pera sivih čaplji provedeno je tijekom sezone gniježđenja, u travnju i svibnju 2019. iz šest hrvatskih kolonija (Mrsunjski lug, Kopački rit, Piljenice, Kravarsko, Čepin i Slovinci). Primarna i sekundarna letna pera odraslih ptica prikupljena su ispod kolonija. Najveće koncentracije olova (Pb) zabilježene su u perju iz Slovinaca (2194,53 ± 416,20 μg kg-1 suhe tvari) i Kopačkog rita (1955,85 ± 1373,07 μg kg-1
suhe tvari). U Čepinu su izmjerene najviše koncentracije arsena (As; 359,70 ± 301,46 μg kg-1 suhe tvari) i selena (Se; 3375,61 ± 2502,80 μg kg-1 suhe tvari), a najviša razina kadmija (Cd) izmjerena je u koloniji Slovinci (79,30 ± 9,37 μg kg-1 suhe tvari). Sve izmjerene razine metala i polumetala su ispod koncentracija koje se smatraju toksičnima za ptice. Preliminarni rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju na relativno nisku zagađenost okoliša kontinentalne Hrvatske, no potrebna su dodatna istraživanja i uspostava kontinuiranog praćenja metala i polumetala u okolišu te njihov utjecaj na vršne predatore
Identification of the Important Bird Areas (IBAs) is an initiative implemented by BirdLife International at the global level, aiming to conserve a network of sites that are particularly important for ...the conservation of birds. With the changed conservation status of some species and increased information on the distribution and population sizes of birds in Macedonia in general, a revision of the IBA network was needed to update previous inventories for this country, published in 1989 and 2000. As the bird fauna of the Republic of Macedonia ranks among the least known in Europe, and as data on many species, notably passerines, are still largely missing, the inventory is mainly based on some threatened or rare birds of prey and a few other larger species, yet characteristic of the Macedonian landscape. Data used were collected in the course of different dedicated studies and projects carried out after 2000. Out of 314 species so far registered in Macedonia, 114 regularly occurring species have currently unfavourable conservation status in Europe, 84 of which breed or possibly breed in the country. Several criteria for the selection of IBAs of global (A criterion) and European importance (B criterion) developed by BirdLife International were used for sites selection, taking into consideration species of global conservation concern (A1), biome-restricted species (A3), important congregations (A4, B1) and species with an unfavourable conservation status (B2) or concentrated (B3) in Europe. Species of global conservation concern used for site identification include the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, considered Endangered (EN) at the global level according to the latest IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus and Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca (both Vulnerable - VU), and Roller Coracias garrulus and Semicollared Flycatcher Ficedula semitorquata (both Near Threatened - NT). Furthermore, species assemblages characteristic as occurring mostly or entirely within a Eurasian high-montane or Mediterranean biome are found in Macedonia. Important congregations of non-breeding waterbirds with at least 1% of global or biogeographic populations of individual species occur on all three large lakes in the country, some of them (e.g. Dalmatian Pelican, Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina) in very large numbers, surpassing the 1% threshold by more than tenfold. In total, 25 species regularly occurring in the breeding season, for which the site protection approach is thought to be appropriate in Macedonia, were used for the selection of sites of European importance. Site boundaries were drawn following distinct natural features or isohypses to include breeding sites and foraging areas of triggering species, and, for Imperial Eagle and Egyptian Vulture also former breeding sites back to 1991, taking into consideration their habitat requirements, land-use and management needs. The resulting IBA list numbers 24 sites, covering 6,907 km2 or 26.9% of the entire territory of Macedonia: (1) Šar Planina Mountain, (2) River Radika Catchment, (3) Lake Ohrid, (4) Lake Prespa, (5) Demir Kapija Gorge, (6) Lake Dojran, (7) Zletovska River Valley, (8) Tikveš Region, (9) Pčinja - Petrošnica - Kriva Reka Rivers, (10) Preod - Gjugjance, (11) Osogovo Mountains, (12) Jakupica Mountain, (13) Taor Gorge, (14) Ovče Pole, (15) Topolka - Babuna - Bregalnica Rivers, (16) Gradsko - Rosoman - Negotino, (17) Lake Mantovo and Kriva Lakavica River, (18) Raec River Valley, (19) Pelagonia, (20) Mariovo, (21) Lake Tikveš, (22) Bošavija, (23) Kočani Rice Fields, and (24) Lower Vardar. With the exception of three sites occupying the highest parts of the large mountain massifs in NW and central parts of Macedonia, and the lakes Ohrid and Prespa, sites are concentrated mostly in central hilly and lowland parts of the country, comprising breeding areas of species of global conservation concern. The percentage of territory covered by the IBAs in Macedonia is relatively high compared to the total European average but comparable to several countries in SE parts of Europe. The size of separate IBAs ranges from 25 km2 (Taor Gorge) to 1,136 km2 (Pelagonia) and number of triggering species per site from one (Bošavija, Kočani Rice Fields) to 17 (Pčinja - Petrošnica - Kriva Reka Rivers). 22 sites trigger some of the criteria of global importance - three sites (Lakes Ohrid, Prespa and Dojran) meet A4 criterion, eight sites hold significant populations of species characteristic of the Mediterranean biome, while three other sites sustain significant populations characteristic of the European high-montane biome. Species of global conservation concern are included as follows: Egyptian Vulture on 13 sites, Imperial Eagle on 7, Dalmatian Pelican and Saker Falcon Falco cherrug on 2, Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca on 3, Roller Coracias garrulus on 10, Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus on 3 sites, and Semi-collared Flycatcher on 1 site. Individual triggering species for sites of European importance are represented on 2-15 sites. The IBA network includes 80-100% of the national populations of the globally threatened species, while the coverage of other species vary between 5% and 100%, being over 40% in great majority of species. Non-irrigated arable land and transitional woodland-shrub are dominant land-cover types, jointly covering 32% of the total IBA surface area. Abandonment of traditional pastoral system, resulting in decrease of the livestock numbers and overgrowing as well as trapping, poisoning and poaching, are considered the most serious threats for triggering species, particularly the Egyptian Vulture and Imperial Eagle, being classified as high on no less than 11 sites, respectively. The national legal protection of the sites is incomplete, being either only partial or with inadequate conservation measures adopted, or, many sites still lack any form of legal protection. With about 21% of the National protected area network overlapping with the IBAs, the existing protected area system is thus insufficient for conservation of most priority species. Notably underrepresented are the regions in the lower parts of the country with the highest number of species of global conservation concern.
Mednarodno pomembna območja za ptice globalnega in evropskega pomena v Makedoniji