Danas su suvremene prometnice jedne od najvećih zagađivača čovjekova okoliša. Zagađenje bukom utječe i na zdravlje, što se manifestira fizičkim, fiziološkim i psihološkim učincima. Buka u gradskim ...sredinama nepovoljno utječe i na pojedine populacije gradskih životinja, prije svega ptica. U ovom radu se daje pregled stručne i znanstvene problematike koja je vezana za interakcije buke i gradskog zelenila s posebnim osvrtom na bioraznolikost. Veći naglasak je stavljen na problematiku primjene voćnih i ukrasnih vrsta na javnim gradskim zelenim površinama u cilju očuvanja ptičje raznolikosti. U cilju smanjenja buke od prometa najčešće se koriste različite zvučne barijere, a u zadnje vrijeme su u uporabi i zelene vertikalne zvučne barijere. One ujedno smanjuju buku i služe za smanjenje zagađenja zraka. Gradsko zelenilo ima niz pozitivnih učinaka na zdravlje i smanjenje buke. Vertikalni vrtovi također daju određeni nivo zvučne izolacije i akumulacije zvuka. Tako je npr. poznato da biljni pokrovi učinkovitije ublažuju zvukove viših frekvencija u odnosu na niže. Potom krovni vrtovi osim toplinske izolacije smanjuju intenzitet buke, a neke zemlje su ih zakonski uvjetovale. Postoje i određene specifičnosti biljnih vrsta na učinak smanjenja buke. Uz navedeno bitno je istaknuti da postoji niz načina sadnje odgovarajućeg bilja u cilju smanjenja buke, a još k tome ako je i autohtono utječemo i na očuvanje bioraznolikosti. Odabir prikladnih biljnih vrsta je jako važan za život ptica u gradu. U radu se prema primjeni bilja u prostoru navode specifične vrste prikladne za ptice. U provedbi očuvanja bioraznolikosti je vrlo važno informirati i educirati građane o predmetnoj problematici.
Ovim radom želimo potaći istraživanja o ulozi drveća i cvijeća u religijama i religijskim tradicijama, te uloge životinja i ptica u religijskim tradicijama. U pripremi rada koristili smo se analizom ...sadržaja, ponajprije „svetih spisa“ (Bhagavad-gite, Biblije, Kur'ana i Talmuda). U uvodu ukazujemo na bavljenje prirodom religija davno prije nastanka ekoloških pokreta. Dovelo je to, u novije vrijeme, i do razvoja zasebne teološke discipline – ekološke teologije. Ni sociologija religije nije mogla izbjeći tematiku odnosa religije – priroda. Prvi dio rada odnosi se na temu koju ćemo rijetko naći u sociologiji religije ili u religiologiji – o drveću i cvijeću u religijama i religijskim tradicijama. Pokušali smo „proći“ kroz povijest religijskih tradicija i naučavanja (od „starih“ religija, hinduizma, šintoizma, budizma, taoizma do židovstva, kršćanstva i islama) kako bismo ukazali na značaj drveća i cvijeća u religijskom životu čovjeka (drvo kao totem, uloga planina u religijskim tradicijama, drvo u obrednoj praksi…). Rečeno je i ponešto pojedinačno o drveću koje se najčešće spominje u mitologijama i religijskim tradicijama (badem, bagrem, hrast, jabuka, lipa, loza, maslina, palma, nar, smokva…). Kakva je uloga cvijeća u religijama i religijskim tradicijama (osobito u obrednoj praksi)? Izdvojili smo ono cvijeće koje najčešće spominju i pismeno analiziraju religijski autoriteti (ciklama, iris, lotos, ljiljan, ruža). Jednako nam je zanimljivo bilo istraživati ulogu životinja i ptica u religijama i religijskim tradicijama. Još smo jednom analizirali kako se na njihovu ulogu gleda iz različitih religijskih perspektiva – od hinduizma, do židovstva, kršćanstva i islama. Osobito nas je zanimala uloga životinja u žrtvenim obredima unutar različitih religijskih tradicija; tradicija proricanja na osnovu dijela tijela neke životinje; izbjegavanje konzumiranja mesa zbog religijske tradicije, itd. Naveli smo i kratak osvrt na to kakvu simboliku pojedine životinje imaju u religijskim tradicijama (bik, deva, jarac, jelen, konj, kornjača, koza, krava, lav, lisica, mačka, magarac, ovca…). I ptice igraju određenu ulogu u religijskim tradicijama. Zanimalo nas je kakva je simbolika ptica u pojedinim religijskim tradicijama (feniks, golub, grlica, labud, orao, pijetao, roda, sova…). Zaključak je da drveće, cvijeće, životinje i ptice imaju svoju ulogu u religijama i religijskim tradicijama. Osobito njihova uloga dolazi do izražaja u religijskim obredima, najčešće kao obredno sredstvo.
Abstract
In the 11 years between 1999 and 2010, certain groups of birds inhabiting Kozjansko Regional Park underwent a moderate or large decline. Composite indices for indicator species of different ...habitat types showed an increase of generalist species (composite index 108.3), a moderate decline of forest species (composite index 76.6) and species of extensively managed orchards (composite index 76.4), and a large decline of farmland (composite index 62.8) and grassland species (composite index 8.7). Our study was based on a census using line transects with an inner and outer belt. Randomly distributed line transects with a total length of 60.8 km were surveyed using the same method both in 1999 and 2010. The decline of farmland species mirrors the population trend of this group at the national level. The study area is protected by multiple nature conservation mechanisms. It is protected as a regional park and partly as a Natura 2000 site. These mechanisms, however, do not seem to be functioning here. We believe the large decline of grassland species is a consequence of agricultural policy, which favours a decrease of extensively managed grasslands.
Since 1990, nature conservation NGOs are the main players in the running of nation-wide research and monitoring schemes for raptors in Bulgaria. Among them, the Bulgarian Society for the Protection ...of Birds (BSPB) and Green Balkans are most active, covering the most threatened diurnal raptors in the country. The key species covered by comprehensive monitoring schemes are the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus, Black Vulture Aegypius monachus, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug and Red-footed Falcon F. vespertinus. Information on their distribution, numbers, breeding success, productivity, diet, movements etc. is gathered on annual basis. The Buzzard Buteo buteo and Kestrel F. tinnunculus are also regularly monitored at the national level by the Common Bird Monitoring scheme. Distribution of all raptor species has been studied for the purpose of the Atlas of Breeding Birds in Bulgaria. The contemporary satellite telemetry methods revealed important aspects of movements and threats to eagles and vultures from Bulgaria within the country and abroad. Main threats for the raptors in Bulgaria are related to habitat loss, unnatural mortality and disturbance. The main gaps in raptor monitoring in Bulgaria are related to the lack of coverage of most of the diurnal species and owls. There is a strong national and international cooperation in conjunction with the work concerning Imperial Eagle, Egyptian and Griffon Vultures. However, further enhancement of cooperation on other raptor species and issues such as lobbying for implementation of raptor-friendly agricultural practices and enhancement of various economic sectors are needed
V prispevku obravnavam odnos do ptičev na severovzhodni Islandiji v kontekstih, ko se te živali vpenjajo v razumevanje časovnosti in sezonskosti krajine. Ptice selivke s svojimi letnimi migracijskimi ...potmi in postanki v času gnezdilne sezone sodoločajo družbeno percipiranje letnega cikla, pa tudi vremena in podnebnih značilnosti ter vplivajo na nekatere nabiralske prakse. Pri tem izpostavljam predvsem vidika ptic kot znanilk pomladi ter (prevladujoče slušnega) zaznavanja ptic v kontekstu sezonskih ritmov in časovno zaznamovanih krajin. V družbeno življenje na severovzhodni Islandiji pa so vpete tudi ptice, ki ostajajo vse leto. Dotaknem se tudi sezonsko intoniranih dinamik, ki vključujejo relacije med več živalskimi vrstami. Različne razsežnosti percipiranja večvrstnega okolja se neposredno povezujejo s posameznikovim odnosom do krajine, hkrati pa pokažejo, da medvrstne odnose soustvarjajo tudi krajinsko in sezonsko niansirana znanja in izkušnje.
Abstract
Agriculture has a great impact on biodiversity in Europe. Populations of farmland birds are declining due to both intensification and abandonment of agriculture. The purpose of this study ...was to determine the effects of overgrowing on the diversity of birds at Cerknica Polje. Six vegetation types were identified on eight survey plots (15.2-31.6 ha each): Short grass - regularly mown wet meadows; Tall herbs - stands of Common Reed Phragmites australis and Reed Canary Grass Phalaris arundinacea; Sparse bushes - stands of low woody plants; Dense bushes - dense stands of bushes; Meadows with trees - mown meadows with scattered trees; Bushes with trees - hedges, trees and dense stands of bushes. In total, 34 species were registered. The heterogeneity of vegetation types correlated positively with the heterogeneity of bird species. The highest density of breeding territories and species was established in Bushes with trees, the lowest in Short grass. No species were registered in all vegetation types, and only Tree Pipit was recorded in five out of six types. Twelve species were registered in only one vegetation type. Cerknica Polje is an important breeding locality for species with the highest breeding density at the national level (e.g. Corncrake Crex crex, Curlew Numenius arquata, Skylark Alauda arvensis, Whinchat Saxicola rubetra, Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus). These species breed in specific habitats with different stages of succession. A managing plan for the area should therefore combine abandoned plots in different stages of succession and large regularly mown areas. Abandonment of agriculture at Cerknica Polje has led to the emergence of areas with bushes in different succession stages. Efforts should be directed at preserving large complexes of mown wet meadows.
Influenca ptica i drugih životinja Savić, Vladimir
Medicus (Zagreb, Croatia : 1992),
01/2011, Letnik:
20, Številka:
1_Influenca
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Virusi influence tipa A izdvojeni su iz brojnih vrsta ptica i sisavaca, no prirodni domaćin ovih virusa su divlje ptice koje žive uz vodu, primjerice patke, guske, galebovi i njima srodne ptice. ...Ostale vrste koje bivaju zaražene virusima influence A, a to su poglavito kokoš, puran, svinja, konj i čovjek, smatramo aberantnim domaćinima. Velika većina virusa influence A potpuno je prilagođena upravo vodenim pticama u kojih zaražavanje ne uzrokuje znakove bolesti i takvi su virusi u ovih domaćina u evolucijskoj stazi. Nasuprot tomu, vrlo intenzivna evolucija u aberantnim domaćinima pripisuje se selekcijskom pritisku zbog prilagodbe ovih virusa novom domaćinu. Ovakva prilagodba može rezultirati i vrlo visokom virulencijom za novog domaćina, a katkad i za druge vrste.
Spring migration of birds, particularly waterbirds and raptors, was monitored from dawn till dusk from an observation point located on the levee on the northern side of the Medvedce reservoir ...(Dravsko polje, NE Slovenia) in three separate years (1-17 Mar 2009; 25 Mar-10 Apr 2011; 28 Feb-12 Apr 2012). In all three years, 42,045 individuals of 89 species (66 waterbirds, 23 raptors) migrated over the site. 38,238 of these were waterbirds. The most numerous species was Lapwing Vanellus vanellus (11,813 individuals), followed by Blackheaded Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus (10,515 individuals). In total, 3807 migratory storks, raptors and Cranes Grus grus were counted. Harriers (2303 individuals) were by far the most numerous group. The prevailing direction of migration was SW-NE. Half of all migrating birds were observed in the altitudinal belt between 10 and 100 m above ground level. Harriers were mostly observed up to 100 m above ground level, whereas storks, other raptors and Cranes were observed most often in the altitudinal belt between 100 and 500 m above ground level. The highest numbers of waterbirds were observed between 10 and 100 m above ground level. In the first five hours after sunrise, 61.3% of all waterbirds, 44.0% of all storks and raptors and only 20.5% of Cranes were observed. Although other parts of Dravsko polje have never been studied in such detail, it is possible that a significant portion of migrating birds from a larger area gathers at this site. This study confirms the importance of the area for migrating and staging birds, especially for Great Egret Ardea alba, Marsh Circus aeruginosus and Hen Harriers C. cyaneus, Osprey Pandion haliaetus, Crane, Ruff Calidris pugnax and Black-headed Gull that all reached at least 0.1% of their respective biogeographic populations. Internationally significant are particularly the numbers of migrating Marsh (1079 individuals in 2012) and Hen Harriers (408 individuals in 2012), as there are only few sites where these species migrate in such high numbers in spring.
U ovome se radu, na temelju dvojice suvremenih hrvatskih pjesnika, Dinka Telećana i Marka Pogačara, analizira funkcija ptica u njihovu pjesništvu. Prikazuju se načini na koje njihovi lirski subjekti ...govore o pticama, što one za njih predstavljaju, kako se oni konstruiraju u odnosu na njih, kako putem njih konstruiraju ideje o svijetu i književnosti. U radu se polazi od teze da je riječ o dvama, prije svega na idejnoj razini, suprotstavljenim pogledima na svijet i književnost. Na stilskoj razini razlika se može uočiti u načinu uporabe slika. Telećan je pjesnik koji je, kada je riječ o hipermetaforičnosti i manirizaciji, krajnje reduciran, dok je Pogačar pjesnik jakih metafora i nerijetko slika generiranih tradicijom nadrealističke logike. Njihove se poetike poklapaju po pitanju nekih tipičnih postmodernističkih strategija kao što su intertekstualnost, specifično uvlačenje tradicije u vlastiti diskurs, autoreferencijalost, autopoetičnost, metajezičnost, poništavanje autorske pozicije i sl. U završnom poglavlju obje se poetike razmatraju u okviru ekopoetike i ekokritike s ciljem da se prikaže implicitna etičnost koja izbija iz njihovih pjesama, potičući čitatelje i čitateljice na refleksivniji i brižniji pristup prirodi i okolišu.
In the last 150 years, 49 raptor species belonging to the families Pandionidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Tytonidae, Strigidae and Laniidae have been recorded in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, ...little is known about their populations. In comparison with historical data, their status has changed significantly, while nine species became extinct or probably extinct as breeders. In this paper, data on the present status of raptor populations is presented, as well as problems and the possibilities of developing species monitoring in Bosnia and Herzegovina. So far, no raptor monitoring has been established in the form of a long-term programme. The establishment of such programme is hampered by a number of reasons (lack of observers, lack of financial resources, lack of experience and knowledge, etc.). Monitoring of raptors in Bosnia and Herzegovina is needed to improve knowledge of the local populations as well as to protect these birds and their habitats. Also, this programme would be significant for the studies concerning the construction of various facilities (e.g. wind turbines). One of the important points of the development programme is to mobilize international cooperation and projects to solve current problems
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