Due to the organization of construction works, one of the most difficult situations is when a building is planned in a heritage or a densely built-up location. Fixing an existing situation manually ...takes a lot of time and effort and is usually not accurate. For example, it is not always possible to measure the exact spacing between buildings at different levels and to consider all outside elements of an existing building. Improper fixation of the existing situation causes mistakes and collisions in design and the use of inappropriate construction solutions. The development and progress in technologies such as BIM, laser scanning, and photogrammetry broaden the options for supporting the management of construction projects. It is important to have an effective fast collection and processing of useful information for management processes. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and present some aspects of photogrammetry to collect and process information about existing buildings. The methodology of the study is based on the comparison of two alternative approaches, namely photogrammetry and BIM modelling. Case studies present an analysis of the quantity take-offs for selected elements and parts of the buildings based on the two approaches. In this article, the specific use of photogrammetry shows that the error between the detailed BIM model and the photogrammetry model is only 1.02% and the accuracy is 98.98%. Moreover, physical capabilities do not always allow us to measure every desired element in reality. This is followed by a discussion on the usability of photogrammetry.
Abstract
Lack of integration in the design of a construction project planning, often resulting in clashes between elements. The purpose of this study was to analyze the number and causes of clashes ...between structural design, precast design, and MEP design for warehousing projects. Then the quantity take-off analysis will be carried out after resolving the clashes. In this study, BIM-based software was used namely Revit® 2020 and Navisworks® Manage 2020. The results of this study found that the number of clashes for the Structural vs Precast components was 289 clashes, for Structural vs MEP components was 191 clashes, and for Precast vs MEP components was 42 clashes. The cause of clashes with the highest percentage was caused by design error (52.36%), followed by design inconsistency (39.13%), and the last was a design discrepancy (8.51%). Based on the calculation of cost changes, a potential saving can be made for HCS panel material and for ducting pipe material as much as 10% of the initial cost.
The tremendous quantity of waste produced from construction and demolition is a major cause of environmental degradation. This quantity tends to increase due to the rapid growth of building ...development and renovation. Meanwhile, construction waste management is a complex and costly process due to the fact that it requires different kinds of resources such as money, land, and technology. It is often ignored by all project participants even though it is an essential element of construction project management. However, it has been discovered that modern construction waste management is structured based on the concept of circular economy which focuses on eliminating construction waste and maximizing the value of materials. Therefore, this research proposes an innovative framework to implement the circular economy using building information modeling (BIM) in order to improve the construction waste management process. This involved a thorough review of past literature to identify the implementation of the concept of circular economy, waste management, and the application of BIM, also the research gaps observed were used to develop the functionality of the proposed framework. The five functionalities include (1) visualization and data integration, (2) direct construction waste quantity take-off, (3) BIM-based sorting system and selection of appropriate disposal parties, (4) estimating cost and schedule of waste disposal, and (5) simulation and monitoring report. This BIM system was designed to analyze material waste, quantity, disposal time, and waste treatment based on project conditions, material quantities, and schedule. It can also be used to plan and monitor the construction waste process, thereby making it possible to avoid the disruption of productivity and project time usually caused by unplanned waste management activities. Moreover, the proposed on-site sorting system also has the ability to facilitate the adoption of the circular economy concept during the construction phase.
Cost overrun has remained a key risk of construction projects that can be prevented by utilizing new technologies. This paper aims to identify the gap in the literature, which can potentially be ...addressed by using digital tools and technologies, by reviewing the current and state of the art practices. The paper presents the results of a systematic and critical content reviews on cost overruns, to address the question of what factors are affecting the cost overrun. This paper also reviews how building information modeling (BIM) in conjunction with other tools, such as the common tools in the Asia and Asia Pacific regions, are used for cost estimation and monitoring. The paper presents the results of the content review, including their contributions and limitations, which are also used to set key directions for future investigations. A total of 176 papers was identified to develop the construction cost management (CCM) dataset. The method was a mix of systematic reviews, including co-authorship network analyses, co-occurrence analytical map development covering 5671 keywords, and content analysis including theme identification and a critical review of selected papers. The paper critically reviewed 63 selected papers from CCM, which are divided into four clusters based on their scopes: BIM adoption for cost estimation and quantity surveying; BIM implementation for a bill of quantity, risk paths, and cost overruns; cost control and management; and, finally, BIM, virtual design, and value management. A trend analysis using a set of 16 themes (e.g., 3D model, BIM, Decision, Energy, and Life Cycle) for all the papers over the past ten years was developed. The content of each cluster of papers was reviewed based on the frequency of the selected themes in each cluster. The content of each cluster of papers was also reviewed critically and gaps were identified, so a set of directions for future investigations are presented.
Prefabricated construction is spreading widely for its various advantages like construction efficiency, quality assurance, and environmental protection. However, ensuring project cost-effectiveness ...under the ever-increasing demands of prefabrication rate requirements has become a challenge. There is a growing need for Quantity Take-off (QTO) feedback on building components for stakeholders in the initial stages of structural design. This paper aims to create an automated design-feedback workflow for the structural QTO using the BIM-assisted visual programming tool Dynamo. The workflow includes model construction, data analysis, unit price data encoding, and design automation. The proposed method demonstrates the pattern of data exchange between stakeholders and is automated by the created visual programming scripts, breaking the original technical limitations, and presenting timely QTO feedback to the clients in a straightforward format. This study contributes to the field of design communication while satisfying the client's requirements at the structural design stage.
Material quantity take-off is a necessary factor in estimating the cost of construction projects; accordingly, fast and precise estimations would better facilitate the overall construction process. ...In recent years, several Building Information Modeling (BIM) based applications (e.g., Autodesk Revit, Tekla Structure, Autodesk Navisworks Manage, and Solibri Model Checker) have emerged to facilitate performing quantity takeoff. Quantity take-off measurement using these applications is accurate when the length of elements multiplies by their precise section area. Still, the process encounters errors when using element volumes or Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). In this study, the authors examined the embedded quantity take-off feature of these applications for sample steel and reinforced concrete structures and provided precautions in employing BIM properties. Consequently, an automated approach was employed to facilitate an accurate quantity takeoff using an Application Program Interface (API) extracting information from a Navisworks model as well as database management systems. A case study was subsequently presented to demonstrate and validate the proposed methodology.
Since construction projects are large and complex, it is especially important to provide concurrent construction process to BIM models with construction automation. In particular, the schematic ...Quantity Take-Off (QTO) estimation on the BIM models is a strategy, which can be used to assist decision making in just minutes, because 70–80% of construction costs are determined by designers׳ decisions in the early design stage 1. This paper suggests a QTO process and a QTO prototype system within the building frame of Open BIM to improve the low reliability of estimation in the early design stage. The research consists of the following four steps: (1) analyzing Level of Detail (LOD) at the early design stage to apply to the QTO process and system, (2) BIM modeling for Open BIM based QTO, (3) checking the quality of the BIM model based on the checklist for applying to QTO and improving constructability, and (4) developing and verifying a QTO prototype system. The proposed QTO system is useful for improving the reliability of schematic estimation through decreasing risk factors and shortening time required.
It is important to apply the Length types of Processed Rebar Simplification (LPRS) to rebar work for improving work efficiency and reducing labor in construction fields. However, when used ...excessively, LPRS can also bring about adverse results, as the increase in the amount of wasted rebars can scale with the cutting process, leading to an increase in material cost. Therefore, it is crucial to find a proper level of simplification for considering labor and material cost together. In this study, various simplification tests were conducted based on BIM software to quantitatively validate the variation of the amount of rebar and LPRS according to the simplification. These tests were conducted for each member and the shape of the building, using the data of five projects, by dividing the unit of simplified rebar length into three cases. The research analysis showed that simplifying the unit of rebar lengths to 500 mm and 1000 mm increased the amounts of materials at a greater rate, making them undesirable. Further, it was recognized that irregular slabs, compared to regular slabs, more efficiently reduced the number of LPRS when adopting simplification methods. This study is expected to contribute to preventing material costs from increasing excessively by quantitatively analyzing the impact level of simplification on the amount of rebar materials and LPRS.
Construction-oriented quantity take-off (QTO) refers to the process of determining the quantities for construction items or work packages in accordance with their descriptions. However, the current ...construction-oriented QTO practice relies on estimators’ manual interpretation of work descriptions and manual processes to look up proper building objects for quantity calculation. Hence, this research aims to develop natural language processing (NLP) and rule-based algorithms to automate the information extraction (IE) from work descriptions for QTO in building construction. Specifically, several named entity recognition (NER) models, including Hidden Markov Model (HMM), Conditional Random Field (CRF), Bidirectional-Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), and Bi-LSTM+CRF, were developed to identify construction activities, material, building component, product features, measurement unit, and additional information (e.g., work scope) from work descriptions. Cost items in the RSMeans database are used to evaluate the developed models in terms of F1 scores. HMM was found to achieve a 5% higher F1 score in the NER than the other three algorithms. Then, labeling rules and active learning strategies were applied along with the HMM model, which improved F1 score by 3% and reduced the labeling efforts by 26%. The results showed that the proposed IE method successfully interprets the desired information from the work description for QTO. This research contributed to the body of knowledge by the NLP-based information extraction model integrating HMM and formalized labeling rules that automatically process work descriptions and lay a foundation for automated QTO and cost estimation.
In order to achieve multiple benefits of building information modelling (BIM) in the construction project, the BIM methodology should not only be implemented in a project-related manner but also in a ...fully enterprise-related manner. Thereby model-based costing is one of the most important BIM use cases, which can be found in any project stage and is relevant to all project stakeholders. But the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry in the particular face numerous problems and difficulties in adopting the BIM methodology in their business processes. This research aims to investigate the process of the 5D BIM implementation in small and medium-sized planning, engineering offices, construction companies, and project developers. The main body of the work is based on a review of 24 implementation projects of the model-based costing in SMEs that the authors have carried out as part of their practice as BIM consultants and trainers in Germany. These projects are analysed to develop a concept for a smooth, individually adaptable implementation of 5D BIM in SMEs. The results are summarised in the concept framework for a sustainable 5D BIM implementation approach that illustrate the priority and hierarchy of the main activities in the implementation process. The designed concept can be used by different stakeholders of the AEC industry and provides a solid basis for organisations to make informed decisions in adopting 5D BIM in the body of the organisation structure. Thus, this research is an essential contribution to the knowledge about the enterprise-related implementation of 5D BIM.
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