Based on an online survey conducted among scholarship holders from the Slovene Raba Region who studied at higher education institutions in Slovenia, interviews with representatives of minority ...organisations, professional literature and newspaper reports, the article analyses the role of this group of scholarship holders in the development of the Slovene national community in Hungary. The results confirm the initial assumption that scholarship holders are indeed the promoters of the development of their community. Likewise, the results provide information on the scholarship policy as well as on the efforts of Slovene minority structures to involve young people, including scholarship holders, in their activities. The data also show, among other things, that due to the economic underdevelopment of the border area, the Raba Region is not seen as a promising environment for young people, although the respondents would like it to be so.
Biodiversity is one of the important components in efforts to manage conservation of resources, this study aims to determine the type of fungus Basidiomycota Division found in Pucok Krueng Raba ...Nature Tourism, Aceh Besar District. The study was conducted with a roaming method (explorative survey) by directly observing macroscopic fungi found in the tourist attraction area of Pucok Krueng Raba, Aceh Besar Regency, the research location was divided into 3 observation stations. From the results of the study found 12 types of fungi from the Basidiomycota division which is divided into 10 families and most families found in Maramiaceae. The air temperature in the region is 29 C and the humidity is 76%.
V članku na podlagi opravljene spletne ankete s porabskimi štipendisti, ki so se izobraževali na visokošolskih ustanovah v Sloveniji, intervjujev s predstavnicama manjšinskih organi-zacij, strokovne ...literature in časopisnih člankov analiziramo, kakšen je bil in je pomen omenjenih štipendistov za razvoj slovenske narodne skupnosti na Madžarskem. Rezultati potrjujejo izhodiščno predpostavko, da so štipendisti dejansko nosilci razvoja lastne skupnosti. Obenem rezultati prinašajo podatke o štipendijski politiki in prizadevanjih slovenskih manjšinskih struktur za vključitev mladih, tudi štipendistov, v svoje delovanje. Pridobljeni podatki so med drugim tudi pokazali, da zaradi gospodarske nerazvitosti ob-mejnega območja Porabje trenutno ne predstavlja perspektivnega okolja za mlade, čeprav bi si anketiranci to želeli. Ključne besede: slovensko Porabje, slovenska skupnost na Madžarskem, mladi, porabski štipendisti.
The European beaver (Castor fiber) was reintroduced in the Polish Carpathians in the 1980s after a few centuries of absence. It gradually colonized suitable habitats in the Raba River valley and ...elsewhere. The question arises as to whether beaver activity can play a role in the local improvement of hydromorphological conditions and spontaneous renaturalization of the Raba River channel. Field surveys were performed in morphodynamically and structurally homogeneous reaches of the river. Traces of beaver activity were identified and used to estimate the studied beaver population. Local beaver impact on the studied river channel was also determined. The Raba channel is trained along about 80% of its length and considerably incised. Traces of beavers activity were found in 16 out of 31 river reaches, mainly in the upper and lower river course. The study showed that relatively flat channel gradient, small maximum bed-material grain size, and high channel sinuosity favour beaver presence. The largest number of beaver habitats was identified in river reaches strongly altered by man and characterized by a uniform channel structure. Beaver impact on channel structure varies depending on differences of the river channel features in upper and lower reaches of the Raba River channel. In upper reaches, the impact of beaver activity (mostly dams) is reflected in increased lateral erosion, while slower water current reduces the tendency for bed degradation. In lower reaches, beaver impact is mostly limited to bank fragmentation (slides and burrows). Lateral erosion, accumulation of material at the toe of riverbanks, and wood debris accumulation all produce a local impact on river channel width. These beaver-initiated processes mostly alter artificially homogenized river reaches. Beavers may actually play a substantial role in future renaturalization of both upper and lower reaches of the Raba River.
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•Beavers were reintroduced in the Polish Carpathians in the second half of the 20th century.•The presence of beavers and their activity type became adjusted to the channel structure.•The largest number of traces of beaver impact was found along reaches altered by human activity.•Three models were created to show how beavers may aid in channel renaturalization.
Summary
Plant pathogens of the oomycete genus Phytophthora produce virulence factors, known as RxLR effector proteins that are transferred into host cells to suppress disease resistance. Here, we ...analyse the function of the highly conserved RxLR24 effector of Phytophthora brassicae. RxLR24 was expressed early in the interaction with Arabidopsis plants and ectopic expression in the host enhanced leaf colonization and zoosporangia formation. Co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) experiments followed by mass spectrometry identified different members of the RABA GTPase family as putative RxLR24 targets. Physical interaction of RxLR24 or its homologue from the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans with different RABA GTPases of Arabidopsis or potato, respectively, was confirmed by reciprocal Co‐IP. In line with the function of RABA GTPases in vesicular secretion, RxLR24 co‐localized with RABA1a to vesicles and the plasma membrane. The effect of RxLR24 on the secretory process was analysed with fusion constructs of secreted antimicrobial proteins with a pH‐sensitive GFP tag. PATHOGENESIS RELATED PROTEIN 1 (PR‐1) and DEFENSIN (PDF1.2) were efficiently exported in control tissue, whereas in the presence of RxLR24 they both accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum. Together our results imply a virulence function of RxLR24 effectors as inhibitors of RABA GTPase‐mediated vesicular secretion of antimicrobial PR‐1, PDF1.2 and possibly other defence‐related compounds.
Significance Statement
Pathogen virulence depends on effector proteins that are introduced into the host to counteract immunity responses and the molecular mechanism of effector functions is, therefore, an important step to better understand plant diseases. Here, we show that a highly conserved effector protein of the plant pathogen Phytophthora interferes with the function of host RABA GTPases to inhibit secretion of antimicrobial proteins to the apoplastic space.
The primary purpose of this paper is to verify the basic assumptions according to the pecking order and Trade-off theory for the capital structure in listed firms on KSA, Iran, and the Iraq Stock ...Exchange of West Asian countries. The pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) were used to examine the relationships of the three countries for determinants of the capital structure from 2016 to 2020 for the data of non-financial companies. Finally, we obtained 116 Saudi, 82 Iranian, and 35 Iraqi companies. Our findings support capital structure theories of the pecking order theory better to describe the capital structure in KSA. This is a significant marker like these societies, yet we found some determinants of the capital structure consistent with trade-off theory in the context of Iran and Iraq. So, it can be said that the Islamic nature of these countries brings companies closer to issuing shares than using debt as a means of capital financing, as Muslims believe that the usury (Raba) comes from the interest of debt. Our results indicate that the growth opportunities have a positive relationship with LEV, but it is not significant for the three countries. This paper can give a unique picture of Islamic societies and how to get capital financing. We found a remarkable similarity in the choice of pecking order theory for the capital structure; naturally, this paper is of interest to owners and managers who are trying to obtain an ideal capital structure to improve the fixed performance of the company.
Na slovenskem oddelku Generalnega direktorata za prevajanje Evropske komisije se s spolno občutljivim jezikom ukvarjamo od leta 2016, ko smo opazili vse pogostejšo rabo spolno nevtralnega jezika v ...angleških izvirnikih. Tak jezik štejemo za namerno izbran način pisanja in torej za pomembno prvino izvirnika. Vendar pa spolno nevtralnega jezika običajno ni mogoče neposredno prevesti v slovenščino, in če spolno nezaznamovane oblike prevajamo z generičnim moškim spolom, je jezik prevoda seksističen. Večinoma je treba spolno nezaznamovanost v prevodu izraziti neodvisno od izvirnika. Slovenski oddelek Generalnega direktorata za prevajanje Evropske komisije je smernice za spolno občutljivo rabo jezika razvil v sodelovanju s strokovnjaki in strokovnjakinjami iz slovenske javne uprave in akademske skupnosti. Nekatera sredstva spolno občutljivega jezika so relativno neproblematična, za mnoga vprašanja pa so potrebne nadaljnje raziskave in izkušnje.
V članku najprej predstavimo raziskave o različnih vidikih rabe slovarjev, nato pa izsledke kvalitativne raziskave o rabi slovarjev, v kateri so sodelovali študenti Ekonomske fakultete. V okviru ...raziskave so iskali različne informacije v spletnem slovarju The Britannica Dictionary. Rezultati raziskave kažejo, kako učinkovit je preučevani slovar. Iz njihovih komentarjev je razvidno, da imajo določena pričakovanja glede vrste informacij, ki jih želijo dobiti v slovarju, in glede načina prikaza teh informacij.
Prispevek je strnjen opis kategorije osebe v hrvaškem jeziku, ki je lahko model za prihodnje podrobnejše ali manj podrobne opise. Uvodoma opozarjamo na problem teoretičnih okvirov, ki ne predvidevajo ...posebnega mesta za opis rabe osebe in drugih pomembnih pojavov, povezanih s slovničnimi kategorijami in rabo posameznih besednih vrst. V drugem delu prispevka opisujemo osebo kot posebnega označevalca diskurzivnih vlog, pri čemer posebej izpostavljamo osnovne pomene posameznih oseb, njihove prenesene rabe in tudi rabo osebe kot t. i družbenega deiksa. V tretjem delu opisujemo „zabrisano“ rabo osebe tj. rabo, pri kateri oseba označuje splošno ali nedoločno človeško entiteto. V zaključnem delu so navedene osnovne prednosti predstavljenega modela opisa osebe v hrvaškem jeziku, hkrati je na kratko obravnavana možna rešitev problema nepredvidenega mesta za opis določenega jezikovnega pojava.