This study aimed to identify reading behavior profiles in nine-to-eleven year old children based on their think-aloud responses while reading narrative and expository texts. Three profiles emerged ...while reading narratives: Literal Readers, who stay close to the literal text by predominantly repeating it; Paraphrasing Readers, who extract meaning from the text by paraphrasing it; and Elaborating Readers, who use background knowledge to explain the text by generating inferences. The three profiles also emerged while reading expository text. Children generally exhibited the same profiles across the two text genres, however, expository texts elicited fewer correct inferences but more invalid inferences than did narratives, suggesting that children are influenced by text demands. Elaborating Readers had better word decoding skills, reading comprehension ability, and non-verbal reasoning ability than readers of the two other profiles, indicating a positive relation between inference generation and language abilities and cognitive resources.
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•Children have distinct reading profiles: Literal, Paraphrasing, Elaborating.•These profiles differ in the number and types of inferences generated.•Elaborating Readers are better in decoding, comprehension, and reasoning.•Reading profiles are similar across narrative and expository texts.•Expositions elicit fewer inferences overall but more invalid ones than narratives.
To date, because of the computational complexity of using a general type-2 fuzzy set (T2 FS) in a T2 fuzzy logic system (FLS), most people only use an interval T2 FS, the result being an interval T2 ...FLS (IT2 FLS). Unfortunately, there is a heavy educational burden even to using an IT2 FLS. This burden has to do with first having to learn general T2 FS mathematics, and then specializing it to an IT2 FSs. In retrospect, we believe that requiring a person to use T2 FS mathematics represents a barrier to the use of an IT2 FLS. In this paper, we demonstrate that it is unnecessary to take the route from general T2 FS to IT2 FS, and that all of the results that are needed to implement an IT2 FLS can be obtained using T1 FS mathematics. As such, this paper is a novel tutorial that makes an IT2 FLS much more accessible to all readers of this journal. We can now develop an IT2 FLS in a much more straightforward way
Four hitherto unpublished letters from Edward Garnett (1868–1936) to Arnold Bennett (1867–1931), dated 26 February and 6 March 1902, and 27 November and 29 December 1908, throw light on Garnett’s ...perspicuity as a publisher’s reader for Duckworth and on the earliest reactions to
Anna of the Five Towns
, the novel that put Bennett on the map as a writer of fiction. Garnett had caveats: the suicide of Willie Price should be cut and in places, the novel was “over prosaic”. However, it gave Garnett and his wife, Constance Garnett (1861–1946), translator of Turgenev—an author that also interested Bennett—“enormous pleasure” and was strongly recommended. Bennett resisted making the changes and
Anna
was published by Chatto & Windus, who offered a higher royalty. It had a laudatory reception. The letters—the first pages of which are included in the article as an illustration of each transcription—illuminate Garnett and Bennett, their attitudes, and other literature they encountered. In 1902 Bennett was the supplicant, hoping to persuade Duckworth to publish his work, but by 1908 the correspondence is between equals. Thereafter it was Bennett who was the established figure in the literary world.
A common reader, I think, reads not for amusement or knowledge alone though that may be what draws her to open a book, to leaf through a periodical, to scroll a page. . ...There are things I missed ...that I now feel I was fully present for: the why and when of the books I have been reading; Monk's House dampness and camp-ness; Charleston's hearty eccentricism; the excitement of new, unpublished letters. ...As I read, I grow fond of the scholars whose names appear and reappear, feel sadness at obituaries for people I have never met. ...In Issue #18: J. J. Wilson mentions an article, "Are We a Cult?," by Helen Dudar, who views the Miscellany as a "fanzine"; William Gekle worries about being in a cult, but I don't. Or maybe I would enjoy joining a cult? (Note to self: need to look up the Saturday Review article by Helen Dudar.) ...I was writing a poem about Duncan Grant and his "campishness" in 2011 when I read the obituary (Spring-Summer 1978)-surely the sudden grief I felt was "camp" itself; he had then been dead at least 33 years.. ...Then I noticed "a certain Theory of Domesticity" (Jane Lilienfield's article "The Sunlight on The Garden: Vanessa Bell at One Hundred" in Volume #15). For me, reading the text of a book by Woolf is a very vague picture and takes on a greater depth when one pictures the writer sitting over a typewriter putting a sentence together, scratching it out, rewriting. ...Issue #25: it's a prickly resistance t a Angelica Garnet's victimhood in her memoir, Deceived by Kindness, wanting to chant at her "Get over it," like I might to a client. ...As is evident, the Miscellany is sort of like visiting my Granny's attic and finding old love letters written by my Granddad-to become obsessed with what it all means and how it all turned out, and just continuing to turn pages to find out the truth.
The uncertainty in age estimation by otolith reading may be at the root of the large variability in red mullet (Mullus barbatus) growth models in the Mediterranean. In the MEDITS survey, red mullet ...age data are produced following the same sampling protocol and otolith reading methodology. However, ageing is assigned using different interpretation schemes, including variations in theoretical birthdate and number of false rings considered, in addition to differences in the experience level of readers. The present work analysed the influence of these variations and the geographical location of sampling on red mullet ageing using a multivariate approach (principal component analysis). Reader experience was the most important parameter correlated with the variability. The number of rings considered false showed a significant effect on the variability in the first age groups but had less influence on the older ones. The effect of the theoretical birthdate was low in all age groups. Geographical location had a significant influence, with longitude showing greater effects than latitude. In light of these results, workshops, exchanges and the adoption of a common ageing protocol based on age validation studies are considered fundamental tools for improving precision in red mullet ageing.
International collaboration tends to result in more highly cited research and, partly as a result of this, many research funding schemes are specifically international in scope. Nevertheless, it is ...not clear whether this citation advantage is the result of higher quality research or due to other factors, such as a larger audience for the publications. To test whether the apparent advantage of internationally collaborative research may be due to additional interest in articles from the countries of the authors, this article assesses the extent to which the national affiliations of the authors of articles affect the national affiliations of their Mendeley readers. Based on English‐language Web of Science articles in 10 fields from science, medicine, social science, and the humanities, the results of statistical models comparing author and reader affiliations suggest that, in most fields, Mendeley users are disproportionately readers of articles authored from within their own country. In addition, there are several cases in which Mendeley users from certain countries tend to ignore articles from specific other countries, although it is not clear whether this reflects national biases or different national specialisms within a field. In conclusion, research funders should not incentivize international collaboration on the basis that it is, in general, higher quality because its higher impact may be primarily due to its larger audience. Moreover, authors should guard against national biases in their reading to select only the best and most relevant publications to inform their research.
Lynch summarizes the range of threats to reader privacy and makes some high-level suggestions that research library leadership might consider to address them. Threats to reader privacy fall into ...three major categories. These include eavesdropping on the interactions between a reader and various systems, disclosure of information that the library is holding about what a patron is reading, and data collected by external vendors who provide licensed content to libraries.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the most common themes within Lean Six Sigma (LSS) in the manufacturing sector, and to identify any gaps in those themes that may be preventing users ...from getting the most benefit from their LSS strategy. This paper also identifies the gaps in current literature and develops an agenda for future research into LSS themes.
Design/methodology/approach
– The following research is based on a review of 37 papers that were published on LSS in the top journals in the field and other specialist journals, from 2000 to 2013.
Findings
– Many issues have emerged in this paper and important themes have cited which are: benefits, motivation factors, limitations and impeding factors. The analysis of 19 case studies in the manufacturing sector has resulted in significant benefits cited in this paper. However, many gaps and limitations need to be explored in future research as there have been little written on LSS as a holistic strategy for business improvement.
Practical implications
– It is important for practitioners to be aware of LSS benefits, limitations and impeding factors before starting the LSS implementation process. Hence, this paper could provide valuable insights to practitioners.
Originality/value
– This paper is based on a comprehensive literature review which gives an opportunity to LSS researchers to understand some common themes within LSS in depth. In addition, highlighting many gaps in the current literature and developing an agenda for future research, will save time and effort for readers looking to research topics within LSS.
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