Regulation is often thought of as an activity that restricts behaviour and prevents the occurrence of certain undesirable activities, but the influence of regulation can also be enabling or ...facilitative, as when a market could potentially be chaotic if uncontrolled. This Handbook provides a clear and authoritative discussion of the major trends and issues in regulation over the last thirty years, together with an outline of prospective developments. It brings together contributions from leading scholars from a range of disciplines and countries. Each chapter offers a broad overview of key current issues and provides an analysis of different perspectives on those issues. Experiences in different jurisdictions and insights from various disciplines are drawn upon, and particular attention is paid to the challenges that are encountered when specific approaches are applied in practice. Contributors develop their own distinctive arguments relating to the central issues in regulation and apply scholarly rigour and clear writing to matters of high policy-relevance. The essays are original, accessible, and agenda-setting, and the Handbook will be essential reading both to students and researchers and to with regulatory and regulated professionals. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/oso/public/content/oho_business/9780199560219/toc.html Contributors to this volume - Peter Alexiadis, partner in the Brussels office of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Robert Baldwin, Professor of Law, London School of Economics and Political Science, Julia Black, Professor of Law, London School of Economics and Political Science, Martin Cave, Professor and Director, Centre for Management Under Regulation, Warwick Business School, Cary Coglianese, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, Edward B. Shils Professor of Law, and Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania, Patricia Danzon, Celia Moh Professor of Health Care Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Fabrizio de Francesco, Research Fellow, University of Exeter, David Driesen, University Professor, Syracuse University, Antonio Estache, Professor of Economics, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Jurgen Feick, senior researcher, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Mike Feintuck, Professor, University of Hull Law School, Neil Gunningham, co-director, Australian National Research Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, Janice Hauge, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of North Texas, Christopher Hood, Gladstone Professor of Government and Fellow, All Souls College, Mathias Koenig-Archibugi, Lecturer in Global Politics, Department of Government and the Department of International Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science, Martin Lodge, Reader in Political Science and Public Policy, Department of Government and the ESRC Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation (CARR), London School of Economics, Evan Mendelson, associate with the law firm of O'Melveny & Myers in Washington, D.C., Catherine Mitchell , Professor of Energy Policy, Exeter University, Niamh Moloney, Professor of Financial Markets Law, London School of Economics and Polticial Science, Claudio Radaelli, Professor of political science (Anniversary Chair in Politics), Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Tanina Rostain, Professor of Law and Co-director of the Center For Professional Values and Practice, New York Law School, David Sappington, Lanzillotti-McKethan Eminent Scholar Chair, Department of Economics, Warrington College of Business, University of Florida, Colin Scott, Professor of EU Governance and Regulation, University College Dublin, Jon Stern, Senior Visiting Fellow and founder member, Centre for Competition and Regulatory Policy (CCRP), Department of Economics, City University, London, Lindsay Stirton, Lecturer, University of Manchester School of Law, Adrian Towse, Director, Office of Health Economics (OHE), Cento Veljanovski, Managing Partner, Case Associates (London); Associate Research Fellow, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London; and IEA Fellow in Law and Economics, Institute for Economic Affairs, Raymund Werle, principal research associate, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne, Germany, Bridget Woodman, Lecturer in Human Geography, Exeter University, Liam Wren-Lewis, PhD candidate in economics, University of Oxford, Karen Yeung, Professor of Law, Kings College London.
Employing both the meta-frontier and the non-radial directional distance function methods, we estimate the industrial GTFP and its decomposition from 2000 to 2019 in 30 Chinese provinces. Following ...this, a dynamic spatial panel model is employed to test the effects of the policy, the mechanisms of action and the channels of two sorts of environmental regulations on GTFP. The results show that, compared with a single policy, a combination of policies is more conducive to GTFP growth. Further analyses of the mechanisms indicate that command-and-control (management) environmental regulations will boost the expansion of GTFP. This is mainly achieved by improving technical efficiency and narrowing the technical gap. Market-based environmental regulations can also accelerate the growth of GTFP, principally through improvements in the advancement of technology and a narrowing of the technological gap Increased GTFP growth can be achieved via these three effects by using a policy mix.
•We analyze the effect of environmental regulation on GTFP in China.•Industrial GTFP in China has, in general, been growing.•A combination of policies is more conducive to GTFP growth.•Different regulations have different mechanisms in promoting GTFP.
•The impact of environmental regulation on industrial structure upgrading is explored.•The perspective of strategic interaction between local governments is considered.•The spatial panel Durbin model ...is used in this paper.
Promoting the industrial structure upgrading is the key path to guide the high-quality development of a country's economy. Based on the perspective of strategic interaction between local governments, using the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2017, this paper makes an empirical analysis on the impact of environmental regulation on the upgrading of industrial structure with the help of spatial panel Durbin model. The results show that: (1) There is a significant positive spatial correlation in the upgrading of industrial structure during the sample period. (2) There are regional differences in the impact of environmental regulation on the upgrading of industrial structure. Under the national sample and the eastern sample, there is a positive correlation between environmental regulation and the upgrading of industrial structure; under the sample of the central and western regions, there is a negative correlation between environmental regulation and the upgrading of industrial structure. (3) The strategic interaction of environmental regulation among local governments has a differential impact on the upgrading of industrial structure. Under the national sample, the “imitation” strategy is generally adopted, which is specifically manifested as “Race to the Bottom”.
Although the influencing mechanism of environmental regulation on technological innovation has been widely discussed in academia, few studies analysed the collaborative effect of mandatory and ...non-mandatory environmental regulations. Based on the panel data of 419 Chinese emerging firms from 2010 to 2015, this article discussed the coupling mechanism of mandatory regulations and voluntary certifications in the process of corporate technological innovation. The results showed that: First, regional environmental regulation has a positive effect on environmental management system certification, while industry environmental regulation has no significant effect on environmental management system certification. Second, industry environmental regulation negatively affects corporate innovation performance, while regional environmental regulation positively affects corporate innovation performance. Third, environmental management system certification positively moderates the relationship between mandatory environmental regulation (i.e., industry regulation and regional regulation) and corporate innovation performance.
•We discuss the coupling effect of mandatory and voluntary regulations on innovation.•Industry environmental regulation stimulates environmental management certification.•The effect of industry and regional regulation on corporate innovation is opposite.•Environmental management certification has a positive moderating effect.
•Energy efficiency was measured by using Super-SBM model with undesirable outputs.•Energy endowment has a significant negative impact on energy efficiency.•Direct impacts of environmental regulations ...on energy efficiency were analyzed.•The moderating effect of various environmental regulations was diverse.
Achieving carbon neutrality requires low-carbon energy transformation and further a pronounced enhancement of energy efficiency and environmental regulation. However, the impact of energy endowment on energy efficiency and the moderating effects of various environmental regulations have not yet been studied in an integrated framework. This paper aims to address this knowledge gap by employing a system generalized method of moments (system GMM) for China with panel data of 30 provincial regions from 2008 to 2018. The results reveal varying energy efficiency among different provincial regions in China at a medium-to-low level and confirm the existence of resource curse at the national level since the impact of energy endowment on energy efficiency is significantly negative. Whereas market-based environmental regulations had a significantly positive moderating effect on the relationship between energy endowment and energy efficiency, this effect was insignificant for command-and-control environmental regulations. These findings provide empirical evidence to support the formulation of environmental regulations that will further improve energy efficiency and carbon neutrality in China.
Objective
To document dementia‐relevant state assisted living regulations and their changes over time as they pertain to licensed care settings.
Data Sources
For all states, current directories of ...licensed assisted living communities and state regulations for each year, 2007‐2018, were obtained from state agency websites and Nexis Uni, respectively.
Study Design
We identified multiple types of regulatory classifications for each state and documented the presence or absence of specific dementia care provisions in the regulations for each type by study year. Maps and summary statistics were used to compare results to previous research and document change longitudinally.
Data Collection/Extraction Methods
We used a policy analysis approach to connect communities listed in directories to applicable regulatory text. Then, we employed policy surveillance and question‐based coding to record the presence or absence of specific policies for each classification and study year.
Principal Findings
Our team empirically documented provisions requiring dementia‐specific training for administrators and direct care staff, and cognitive impairment screening for each study year. We found that 23 states added one or more of these requirements for one or more license types, but the states that had these provisions for all types of licensed assisted living declined from four to two.
Conclusions
We identified significant, previously undocumented, within‐state policy variation for assisted living licensed settings between 2007 and 2018. Using the regulatory classification instead of the state as the unit of analysis revealed that many policy adoptions were limited to dementia‐designated settings. This suggests that people living with dementia in general assisted living are not afforded the same protections. We call our approach health services regulatory analysis and argue that it has the potential to identify gaps in existing policies, an important endeavor for health services research in assisted living and other care settings.
We summarize the potential impact that the European Union's new General Data Protection Regulation will have on the routine use of machine‐learning algorithms. Slated to take effect as law across the ...European Union in 2018, it will place restrictions on automated individual decision making (that is, algorithms that make decisions based on user‐level predictors) that “significantly affect” users. When put into practice, the law may also effectively create a right to explanation, whereby a user can ask for an explanation of an algorithmic decision that significantly affects them. We argue that while this law may pose large challenges for industry, it highlights opportunities for computer scientists to take the lead in designing algorithms and evaluation frameworks that avoid discrimination and enable explanation.
To further clarify the relationship between environmental regulation and green technology innovation and discuss how environmental regulation affects green technology innovation through import trade, ...this paper analyzes the impacts of environmental regulation and import trade on green technology innovation and the transmission effect of import trade based on panel data for 30 provinces in China for 2008 to 2017. The results show that (1) environmental regulation first plays a role in promoting green technology innovation and then restrains it, and import trade can significantly promote green technology innovation; (2) under the constraints of stronger environmental regulations, import trade has a significantly positive effect on green technology innovation; and (3) environmental regulation can further enhance the technology spillover effects of import trade in regions with high absorptive capacity and regions with high levels of R&D investment. This paper analyzes the impact of environmental regulation on green technology innovation from the perspective of import trade and makes up for the deficiencies of existing research. It also lays a foundation for scholars to study the relationship between environmental regulation and green technology innovation in the midst of heterogeneous government regulation capabilities and industries in the future.
Convergent evidence associates exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with major human diseases, even at regulation-compliant concentrations. This might be because humans are exposed to ...EDC mixtures, whereas chemical regulation is based on a risk assessment of individual compounds. Here, we developed a mixture-centered risk assessment strategy that integrates epidemiological and experimental evidence. We identified that exposure to an EDC mixture in early pregnancy is associated with language delay in offspring. At human-relevant concentrations, this mixture disrupted hormone-regulated and disease-relevant regulatory networks in human brain organoids and in the model organisms
and
, as well as behavioral responses. Reinterrogating epidemiological data, we found that up to 54% of the children had prenatal exposures above experimentally derived levels of concern, reaching, for the upper decile compared with the lowest decile of exposure, a 3.3 times higher risk of language delay.
•Command-and-control and market-based environmental regulation(ER) are identified.•ER increases the proportion of new energy investment.•Command-and-control ER increase investment ratios of new ...energy.•FCER increases the proportion of new energy investment.•ICER increases the proportion of new energy investment in China's eastern region.
Investment structure optimization is important for achieving green development, and environmental regulation affects enterprises’ investment behavior significantly. This study divides environmental regulation into market-based and command-and-control policies. The latter is further divided into the formulation and implementation of policies. Using the Chinese power generation industry from 2007 to 2017 as a sample, we employ the system generalized method of moments (system GMM) to study the impact of environmental regulation on the energy investment structure and explore how differences in regions and environmental regulations affect the energy investment structure. The results show that although environmental regulation increased the proportion of investment in new energy power generation, different types and levels of environmental regulations affected investment in power generation differently. Stricter command-and-control environmental regulation policies at the formulation level increased the investment proportion of new energy power generation. However, the regional data show that different types and levels of environmental regulation affected the power generation investment structure in each region differently. Both command-and-control and market-based environmental regulation in China's central and western regions failed to play their role. Moreover, the implementation of command-and-control environmental regulation policies significantly influenced the direct increase in the proportion of new energy power generation in China's eastern region.
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