In the first centuries BCE and CE, Roman wall painters frequently placed representations of works of art, especially panel paintings, within their own mural compositions. Nathaniel B. Jones argues ...that the depiction of panel painting within mural ensembles functioned as a meta-pictorial reflection on the practice and status of painting itself. This phenomenon provides crucial visual evidence for both the reception of Greek culture and the interconnected ethical and aesthetic values of art in the Roman world. Roman meta-pictures, this book reveals, not only navigated social debates on the production and consumption of art, but also created space on the Roman wall for new modes of expression relating to pictorial genres, the role of medium in artistic practice, and the history of painting. Richly illustrated, the volume will be important for anyone interested in the social, ethical, and aesthetic dimensions of artworks, in the ancient Mediterranean and beyond.
Scholars have traditionally relied upon the assumption that the nineteenth- century bildungsroman in the Goethean tradition is an intrinsically secular genre exclusive to Europe, incompatible with ...the literature of a democratically based culture. By combining intellectual history with genre criticism, Principle and Propensity provides a critical reassessment of the bildungsroman, beginning with its largely overlooked theological premises: bildung as formation of the self in the image of God. Kelsey L. Bennett examines the dynamic differences, tensions, and possibilities that arise as interest in spiritual growth, or self-formation, collides with the democratic and quasi-democratic culture in the nineteenth-century British and American bildungsroman. Beginning with the idea that interest in an individual's moral and psychological growth, or bildung, originated as a religious exercise in the context of Protestant theological traditions, Bennett shows how these traditions found ways into the bildungsroman, the literary genre most closely concerned with the relationship between individual experience and self- formation. Part 1 of Principle and Propensity examines the attributes of parallel national traditions of spiritual self-formation as they convened under the auspices of the international revival movements: the Evangelical Revival, the Great Awakening, and the renewal of Pietism in Germany, led respectively by John Wesley, Jonathan Edwards, and Count Nikolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf. Further it reveals the ways in which spiritual self-formation and the international revival movements coalesce in the bildungsroman prototype, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship). Part 2 in turn explores the ways these traditions manifest themselves in the nineteenth-century bildungsroman in England and the United States through Jane Eyre, David Copperfield, Pierre, and Portrait of a Lady. Though Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre was a library staple for most serious writers in nineteenth-century England and in the United States, Bennett shows how writers such as Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, Herman Melville, and Henry James also drew on their own religious traditions of self-formation, adding richness and distinction to the received genre.
Pozzolanic reaction of volcanic ash with hydrated lime is thought to dominate the cementing fabric and durability of 2000-year-old Roman harbor concrete. Pliny the Elder, however, in first century CE ...emphasized rock-like cementitious processes involving volcanic ash (pulvis) "that as soon as it comes into contact with the waves of the sea and is submerged becomes a single stone mass (fierem unum lapidem), impregnable to the waves and every day stronger" (Naturalis Historia 35.166). Pozzolanic crystallization of Al-tobermorite, a rare, hydrothermal, calcium-silicate-hydrate mineral with cation exchange capabilities, has been previously recognized in relict lime clasts of the concrete. Synchrotron-based X-ray microdiffraction maps of cementitious microstructures in Baianus Sinus and Portus Neronis submarine breakwaters and a Portus Cosanus subaerial pier now reveal that Al-tobermorite also occurs in the leached perimeters of feldspar fragments, zeolitized pumice vesicles, and in situ phillipsite fabrics in relict pores. Production of alkaline pore fluids through dissolution-precipitation, cation-exchange and/or carbonation reactions with Campi Flegrei ash components, similar to processes in altered trachytic and basaltic tuffs, created multiple pathways to post-pozzolanic phillipsite and Al-tobermorite crystallization at ambient seawater and surface temperatures. Long-term chemical resilience of the concrete evidently relied on water-rock interactions, as Pliny the Elder inferred. Raman spectroscopic analyses of Baianus Sinus Al-tobermorite in diverse microstructural environments indicate a cross-linked structure with Al3+ substitution for Si4+ in Q3 tetrahedral sites, and suggest coupled Al3++Na+ substitution and potential for cation exchange. The mineral fabrics provide a geoarchaeological prototype for developing cementitious processes through low-temperature rock-fluid interactions, subsequent to an initial phase of reaction with lime that defines the activity of natural pozzolans. These processes have relevance to carbonation reactions in storage reservoirs for CO2 in pyroclastic rocks, production of alkali-activated mineral cements in maritime concretes, and regenerative cementitious resilience in waste encapsulations using natural volcanic pozzolans.
This paper aims to analyze the evolution of the proviso on the sale of slaves known as ne prostituatur, focusing on the progressive protection that the imperial constitutions, since the 2nd century ...AD onwards, provided for its enforcement. Theories that explain this process invoking the favor libertatis doctrine or through a particular reading of sexual honor are not entirely satisfactory. Therefore, I defend an interpretation of the clause in terms of reward. The emperors would seek to strengthen its validity within a global strategy of securing the punishment and reward model that allowed for the control of slaves, protecting the masters’ general interest, even if it implied limiting their individual power.
Il s’ agit d’ étudier la clausule ne prostituatur présente dans les actes de vente d’ esclaves que les constitutions impériales, à partir du IIe siècle de notre ère, cherchent à encadrer. Considérant que les théories qui rattachent ce processus à la favor libertatis ou à une lecture particulière de l’ honneur sexuel sont insuffisantes, l’ auteur défend l’ hypothèse d’ une interprétation de la clausule en termes de récompense. Ainsi, les empereurs chercheraient à consolider sa validité au sein d’ une stratégie globale de sécurisation du modèle des peines et des récompenses qui régit le contrôle des esclaves en protégeant l’ intérêt général et celui des maîtres tout en limitant leur pouvoir individuel.
Se busca analizar la evolución de la cláusula de venta de esclavos conocida como ne prostituatur, centrándose en la progresiva protección que las constituciones imperiales desarrollan sobre estos pactos a partir del siglo ii. Considerando insuficientes las teorías que vinculan este proceso a la doctrina del favor libertatis o a una particular lectura del honor sexual, se opta por una interpretación de la cláusula en clave de recompensa. Así, los emperadores buscarían apuntalar su validez dentro de una estrategia global de asegurar el modelo de castigos y recompensas que aseguraba el control de los esclavos, protegiendo el interés general de los amos aun a costa de limitar su poder individual.
Rodríguez Garrido Jacobo. Ne serva prostituatur. Esclavitud, prostitución y los límites de la dominica potestas en la Roma Antigua. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 46, n°1, 2020. pp. 173-196.
Archaeology always has a certain element of surprise and luck connected to it, for it is unpredictable to divine what lies directly under the surface upon which one is standing. So it was in the ...1980s east of the Roman theater in Corinth. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens decided to investigate the unexplored fields lying east of the theater, if for no other reason than to make the area more attractive to tourists interested in visiting the site. As was expected, beneath a heavy cover of weeds, rocks, and earthquake debris that had accumulated over the centuries, standing walls started to reveal themselves.
Archaeologists working in northwest Europe have long remarked on the sheer quantity and standardisation of objects unearthed from the Roman period, especially compared with earlier eras. What was the ...historical significance of this boom in standardised objects? With a wide and ever-changing spectrum of innovative objects and styles to choose from, to what extent did the choices made by people in the past really matter? To answer these questions, this book sheds new light on the make-up of late Iron Age and early Roman ‘objectscapes’, through an examination of the circulation and selections of thousands of standardised pots, brooches, and other objects, with emphasis on funerary repertoires, c. 100 bc-ad 100. Breaking with the national frameworks that inform artefact research in much ‘provincial’ Roman archaeology, the book tests the idea that marked increases in the movement of people and objects fostered pan-regional culture(s) and transformed societies. Using a rich database of cemeteries and settlements spanning a swathe of northwest Europe, including southern Britannia, Gallia Belgica, and Germania Inferior, the study extensively applies multivariate statistics (such as Correspondence Analysis) to examine the roles of objects in an ever-changing and richly complex cultural milieu.
In order to reconstruct the activity of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) during the last ∼4 kyr, two stalagmites from Baratang cave in Andaman Islands have been investigated for their temporal ...variations in δ18O. The chronology is provided by radiocarbon ages on the stalagmites. During 1800–2100 cal yr BP, we observed a significant increase in stalagmite δ18O that we infer is caused by the amount effect. This increase implies a strong reduction in the strength of the ISM that is correlated with the Roman Warm Period. Other proxy records in the region confirm a reduction in ISM activity during this time. Reduction in the ISM is also observed around 1500 and 400–800 cal yr BP; the latter period is the transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. The strongest monsoon in the last ∼4 kyr is observed during 800–1200 cal yr BP, the Medieval Warm Period.
Key Points
Indian Summer Monsoon variation for the last 4 kyr has been reconstructed
All major global climate events of last 4 kyr are observed in stalagmite d18O
A strong reduction in the ISM is observed during Roman Warm Period (~2 kyr BP)
Mirko D. Grmek (1924-2000) is one of the most significant figures in the history of medicine, and has long been considered a pioneer of the field. The singular trajectory that took Grmek from ...Yugoslavia to the academic culture of post-war France placed him at the crossroads of different intellectual trends and made him an influential figure during the second half of the twentieth century. Yet, scholars have rarely attempted to articulate his distinctive vision of the history of science and medicine with all its tensions, contradictions, and ambiguities. This volume brings together and publishes for the first time in English a range of Grmek’s writings, providing a portrait of his entire career as a historian of science and an engaged intellectual figure. Pathological Realities pieces together Grmek’s scholarship that reveals the interconnections of diseases, societies, and medical theories.
Straddling the sciences and the humanities, Grmek crafted significant new concepts and methods to engage with contemporary social problems such as wars, genocides and pandemics. Uniting some major strands of his published work that are still dispersed or simply unknown, this volume covers the deep epistemological changes in historical conceptions of disease as well as major advances within the life sciences and their historiography. Opening with a classic essay – “Preliminaries for a Historical Study of Diseases,” this volume introduces Grmek’s notions of “pathocenosis” and “emerging infections,” illustrating them with historical and contemporary cases. Pathological Realities also showcases Grmek’s pioneering approach to the history of science and medicine using laboratory notebooks as well as his original work on biological thought and the role of ideologies and myths in the history of science. The essays assembled here reveal Grmek’s significant influence and continued relevance for current research in the history of medicine and biology, medical humanities, science studies, and the philosophy of science.
The papers collected in this volume provide invaluable insights into the results of different interactions between "Romans" and Others. Articles dealing with cultural changes within and outside the ...borders of Roman Empire highlight the idea that those very changes had different results and outcomes depending on various social, political, economic, geographical and chronological factors. Most of the contributions here focus on the issues of what it means to be Roman in different contexts, and show that the concept and idea of Roman-ness were different for the various populations that interacted with Romans through several means of communication, including political alliances, wars, trade, and diplomacy. The volume also covers a huge geographical area, from Britain, across Europe to the Near East and the Caucasus, but also provides information on the Roman Empire through eyes of foreigners, such as the ancient Chinese.
PDF
