Piece chlebowe, wolno stojące, od XIX w. stanowiły charakterystyczny element zabudowy osiedli i kolonii robotniczych na Górnym Śląsku powstałych w związku z intensywnym rozwojem przemysłu. Piece te ...nazywane piekarniokami, piekarokami służyły przede wszystkim mieszkańcom do wypieku chleba i kołaczy drożdżowych. W okresie powojennym (od lat 50.) w związku z przemianami cywilizacyjnymi – pozbawione opieki i ochrony – zaczęły znikać ze śląskiego krajobrazu. Współcześnie tego typu przykładów architektury dziedzictwa poprzemysłowego pozostało niewiele. Dwa takie obiekty, pochodzące z początku XX stulecia, znajdują się w Rudzie Śląskiej. W latach dwutysięcznych przeszły gruntowną renowację. Jednemu przywrócono pierwotną funkcję, dziś jest ważnym obiektem promowania i upowszechniania śląskiego dziedzictwa materialnego i niematerialnego, atrakcją turystyczną, miejscem organizacji rozmaitych miejskich przedsięwzięć kulturalnych. Drugi obiekt został natomiast przemianowany na kapliczkę.
The closure of hard coal mines in the Lower Silesian Coal Basin (SW Poland) resulted in migration of coal-bed gases (mostly methane and carbon dioxide) towards the surface. The gases were driven out ...by rising groundwater table in the Pennsylvanian aquifer (so-called “water piston effect”). Because such migration may be a hazard for inhabitants living in the post-mining lands a surface geochemical survey was carried out in the area of the closed “Nowa Ruda” hard coal mine. The research aimed at: (i) evaluating the distribution of methane and carbon dioxide concentrations in the near-surface zone, (ii) determining the genetic characteristics of soil gases and (iii) comparing their characteristics with that of coal-bed gases. The surface geochemical survey included sampling of soil gases and chromatographic analyses of samples for methane and carbon dioxide concentrations and for stable carbon isotope composition in samples of increased methane and carbon dioxide concentrations. Samples were collected along 8 sampling lines located in the mining fields “Piast”, “Słupiec” and “Wacław”. In total, 390 soil gas samples were collected from 1.2m depth. Maximum methane and carbon dioxide concentrations were 7.8 and 5.8vol.%, respectively. Almost all methane encountered in the analyzed samples of soil gases are of microbial origin and were generated during recent anaerobic processes in the near-surface zone. High concentration of carbon dioxide was generated by aerobic biodegradation of organic matter in abandoned mines. Moreover, carbon dioxide was originated during the near-surface oxidation of methane. Only sometimes insignificant thermogenic component of coal-bed methane and carbon dioxide which migrated to near-surface zone from Pennsylvanian coal-bed strata occurs. Moreover an insignificant component of endogenic carbon dioxide also migrated though the faults from deep-seated volcanic chambers and/or even from upper mantle in the “Piast” mining field. The results of our research revealed that the changes of soils gas concentrations in the “Słupiec” field do not indicate “water piston effect”. The highest state of gas emergency by inflow of deep-gases to near-surface zone could take place in the years 2008–2010 therefore much later than the near-surface measurement sessions in 2004. In the “Piast” field a relatively high number of anomalous concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide were measured. Such values results from degassing of groundwaters, the table of which stabilized within the Pennsylvanian aquifer in 2000. Gases migrated towards the surface along the fracture systems and faults, particularly along the Main and the Great faults. A great number of anomalously high carbon dioxide concentrations were measured in the “Wacław” field, which is an effect of groundwater table stabilization within the Pennsylvanian rocks. Carbon dioxide migrates towards the surface along the bedding planes of Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata and along the linings of remediated “Wacław” and “Wanda” shafts. The highest state of gas emergency by inflow of deep-gases to near-surface zone caused by the uprising of Pennsylvanian water table (“piston effect”) could take place in “Piast” mining field in the years 1998–2000, and in “Wacław” mining field in the years 1978–1980, therefore much earlier than the near-surface measurement sessions in 2004.
•High concentrations of CH4 in soil gas are mostly of microbial origin.•CO2 originate from aerobic biodegradation of organic matter and CH4.•Insignificant thermogenic methane and carbon dioxide migrated to near-surface zone.•Gases migrate towards the surface along fractures and tectonic discontinuities.•The “water piston effect” was feeble but degassing of stabilized groundwaters occurred.
Schlechte Angewohnheiten Zambrana, Rocío
Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie,
10/2022, Letnik:
70, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Recent discussions of Hegel’s conception of second nature, specifically focused on Hegel’s notion of habit, have greatly advanced our understanding of Hegel’s views on embodied normativity. This ...essay examines Hegel’s account of embodied normativity in relation to his assessment of good and bad habits. Engaging Hegel’s account of the rabble in the Philosophy of Right and Frank Ruda’s assessment of Hegel’s rabble, this essay traces the relation between ethicality, idleness and race in Hegel. In embodying a position of refusal in its affirmation of idleness, the rabble disallows the progressive revision of the project of modernity central to Hegel’s philosophy. Hegel’s discussion of the rabble is thus key to assessing the production of race within Hegel’s notion of ethical life.
•AOM, rhizodermis, epidermis and wood debris are major sediment-forming materials.•Proximal floodplain bioindicators are sponge spicules and mycelium.•Distal floodplain bioindicators are moss ...remains, Cladocera, and sporomorphs.•Palaeochannel and alluvial fan sediments have high OM preservation potential.
This study aimed to identify differences in organic matter (OM) composition and origin in the main depositional subenvironments within the floodplain of a meandering river in a temperate climate zone. The study analysed organic-rich sediments found within different facies (side bars, natural levees, crevasse splays, palaeochannels, flood basins, and alluvial fans). Quantitative macrofossil analysis of the OM present in proximal floodplain sediments pointed to a dominance of amorphous OM (AOM), the average proportion of which comprised up to 60% of the total OM. During floods, the most significant phenomenon is the deposition of wood and leaf debris; however, these debris are subject to rapid decomposition in sandy layers and, as a result, do not contribute much to the total OM composition. Root and epidermis remain accumulated in situ and, with an average share of more than 10% of the total OM, are an important part of the more fine-grained alluvial layers. The other components were no more than bioindicators. The proximal floodplain is characterised by sponge spicules in the alluvia and mycelia in the epipedons. In addition, diatom remains are often recorded in the flood layers. The average AOM content in the OM found within the distal floodplain was approximately 40%, although a significantly higher proportion of this component was recorded in flood basin sediments. The accumulation of rhizodermis, epidermis, wood, and periderm (with shares ranging from 5% to 22% of the total OM) plays an important role. Less common components that are of indicative value within the distal zone include the remains of mosses, Cladocera, and sporomorphs. OM within the distal floodplain has high preservation potential, and the sediments in this zone are crucial for carbon sequestration processes in river valleys.
Serpentine soil is a common name for soils derived either from igneous peridotites or metamorphic serpentinites. However, differences in mineralogy of these rocks are responsible for some differences ...between soils occurring on peridotites and serpentinites. In this study, we analyze the mobility of Ni, Cr and Co in six serpentine sites derived from a variety of parent substrates: from partially serpentinized peridotites through serpentinites containing relics of primary minerals and textures to proper serpentinites. The mobility of Ni, Cr and Co, determined using the EDTA extraction, is the highest for Ni whereas Cr is the least mobile element in all soils studied. No relationship between type of parent rock and Cr mobility is found. The lowest proportions of EDTA extractable fractions of Ni and Co (up to 7 and 4% of total concentrations, respectively) are observed in soils derived from proper serpentinites devoid of primary minerals (e.g., olivine, pyroxene) and having non-pseudomorphic texture. The highest proportions of EDTA extractable Ni and Co are noted in soils derived from partially serpentinized peridotite, hornblende peridotite and serpentinite having typical pseudomorphic texture, containing primary Al-rich magnesiochromite (up to 18 and 16% of total concentration respectively). It is therefore justified that type and origin of ultrabasic parent rock affect metal mobility (at least in the case of Ni and Co) in serpentine soils. Furthermore, several soil characteristics (such as pH, total organic C, soil mineralogy) also play an important role in the mobility of Ni, Cr and Co. However, relationships between soil properties and metal availability are more pronounced for soils developed on proper serpentinites than for soils deriving from rocks that experienced less advanced serpentinization.
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•Type of parent rock affects the mobility of Ni and Co in serpentine soils.•Cr is the least mobile element and its mobility does not depend the type of bedrock.•Mobility of Ni and Co decreases with the degree of metamorphic alteration.•Metal mobility is controlled by physicochemical and chemical soil proprieties.
Zinc and lead smelting slags from Ruda Śląska are unique in their chemistry and phase composition, which resemble rare natural rocks such as paralavas and melilitolites. Moreover, considering its ...size, we can treat a pyrometallurgical slag dump as a geological body. In slags from Ruda Śląska the assemblage melilite ± pseudowollastonite ± wollastonite ± plagioclase was discovered in glassy slag. High-temperature experiments were performed to determine the temperature conditions and to reconstruct the crystallization of such an assemblage. Two slag samples were subjected to complete melting and crystallization with controlled thermal gradients of: 53.25 °C/h, 15.20 °C/h and 7.60 °C/h. The results showed that crystal nucleation started at temperatures of 1250-1300 °C depending on the fluctuations of chemical composition. In both samples the thermal gradient only partly influenced the phase differentiation, being rather responsible for the disappearance of the primary glass. Moreover, even slight differences in chemical composition resulted in changes in phase assemblages under the same temperature conditions (mll + gls vs pwol+pl + mll + gls). It was proven that it is due to the combination of undercooling conditions and solidus dependences in the åkermanite – gehlenite solid solution. The occurrence of such phenomena should be considered in natural rocks with similar composition. In the case of the Ruda Śląska slags it explains the dominance of glassy slag in that location. The experiments gave us an opportunity to observe and precisely analyze crystallization in real time, providing new insights into the creation of slags and their natural analogues. However, the study has also shown that possible variations of the original crystallization should always be assessed.
•Chemistry and phase composition of slags correspond to the melilitolites/paralavas.•Crystallization started in the temperature range 1250–1300 °C.•Thermal gradient only partly influences the phase differentiation.•Glass domination is a result of solidus dependences in the åk-gh solid solution.•Similar crystallization process is observed in the melilitolites/paralavas.
The aim of this work was to analyse the origin of the exhaust gases containing large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from self-heating coal waste dump and its potential health and ...environmental impact. Air samples were collected from the coal waste dump and its vicinity in Nowa Ruda − Słupiec (NR-S), Southwestern Poland, during ground survey campaigns in spring (March 30, 2019) and winter (December 1, 2019). In order to detect the origin of the exhaust plume emission, stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of CH4 and CO2 was measured using a cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS). We investigated the gases collected from the hotspots at the surface of the coal-mine dump, from the air above the dump and finally from surroundings of the dump. This allowed to estimate the stage and magnitude of CH4 oxidation inside the coal dump. Many gas seeps from the places, where the dump is actively burning were identified during the ground surveys. CH4 mole fraction in those seeps (hot-spots) reached up to 10,000 ppm. Methane found in the most of the air samples collected from the dump was strongly enriched in 13C, with an average of −27.4 ± 5.8‰, which is heavier than methane coming out from formerly excavated coal seams what indicate coal pyrolysis as the predominant source of methane seeps. The covarying with methane, CO2 mole fraction from active burn dump sites reached up to 73,000 ppm with an average δ13C value of −27.3 ± 8.4‰. Therefore, CO2 resembles isotopically it's predominant precursor, the pyrolytic methane, via incomplete combustion in the shallow oxygenated parts of the hot spots.
Substantial amounts of methane escape from the self-ignited spots on the NR-S coal waste dump, however, the mobile surveys did not reveal the enhanced methane mole fraction at the ground level in distance between 1 and 3 km from the dump. Even at distances of 150 m from the hot spots impact was limited, implying convective transport of these localized hot pollutant plumes. The results highlight changes in the fire intensity, prevailing winds, dump architecture, and surface roughness in the surrounding regions are the most important factors of air pollutant emission from complex coal mine dump system.
•The noticeable increase of number of thermally active spots on coal waste dump was observed•High temporal and spatial heterogeneity of GHGs was caused by intensifying self-heating•Enriched δ13C clearly indicated generating thermogenic CH4 inside the intensely self-heating coal waste dump•Carbon dioxide predominantly originated from methane oxidation.
•July temp. dropped at the YD onset, then increased up to the Holocene onset.•There were four cold and four warm summer temp. oscillations during YD.•Seasonal contrast was higher at the AL/YD and ...YD/Hol. transitions than in mid-YD.•Water level fluctuations, TP content and winds also drove lake biota in the lake.•Lake ecosystem transition from the YD to Holocene took place in four stages.
The Younger Dryas (YD) is a roughly 1,100-year cold period marking the end of the last glaciation. Climate modelling for northern Europe indicates high summer temperatures and strong continentality. In eastern Europe, the scale of temperature variation and its influence on ecosystems is weakly recognised. Here, we present a multi-proxy reconstruction of YD conditions from Lake Gościąż (central Poland). The decadal-resolution analysis of its annually varved sediments indicates an initial decrease in Chironomidae-inferred mean July air temperature followed by steady warming. The pollen-inferred winter-to-summer temperature amplitude and annual precipitation is highest at the Allerød/YD transition and the early YD (ca. 12.7–12.4 ky cal BP) and YD/Holocene (11.7–11.4 ka cal BP) transition. Temperature and precipitation were the main reasons for lake level fluctuations as reflected in the planktonic/littoral Cladocera ratio. The lake’s diatom-inferred total phosphorus decreased with increasing summer temperature from about mid YD. Windy conditions in the early YD until ∼12.3 ka cal BP caused water mixing and a short-lived/temporary increase in nutrient availability for phytoplankton. The Chironomidae-inferred summer temperature and pollen inferred summer temperature, winter temperature and annual precipitation herein are one of only a few in eastern Europe conducted with such high resolution.
The Upper Silesia region of Poland is known for its concentration of heavy industry, including mining and smelting. Slag dumps scattered across the region are the sources of pollutants such as Zn, ...Mn, As, Cd and Pb. At the slag dump in Ruda Śląska, it is possible to distinguish three types of slag: (i) slag associated with the muffle/lining material, composed of olivine, pyroxene, iron oxide, feldspar and glass; (ii) glassy slag composed of glass and single crystals of melilite and wollastonite; and (iii) slag composed of aggregates of melilite, wollastonite and anorthite. These concentrate Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs), reaching up to 6130 mg/kg of As, 36300 mg/kg of Mn, 21700 mg/kg of Pb, 53600 mg/kg of Zn and 105 mg/kg of Cd. Rainfall-induced weathering causes PTE mobilisation to secondary phases, mainly carbonates, sulphates, oxides and hydroxides. Leaching tests based on the Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) prove the release of PTEs from slags and secondary phases, which was further confirmed by significant PTE concentrations in a water sample from effluent next to the dump: 2710 μg/l Mn, 163 μg/l Zn, 52.5 μg/l Pb, 20.1 μg/l As, 0.98 μg/l Cd. This study is the first attempt to apply a combination of electromagnetic (EM) measurements and mineralogical investigations to pyrometallurgical Zn–Pb slags, and to precisely describe links between the obtained conductivity and in-phase results and phases building soils and sediments of the studied area. Contamination mapping, using combined scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and EM methods, allowed to distinguish the main migration path of PTEs from the slag dump. This path is related to the effluent in which the presence of sulphides, oxides and hydroxides concentrating Cd, Zn, and Pb was determined to cause both high conductivity (>300 mS/m) and in-phase values (>6 ppt). On the other hand, soils from other areas outside the dump are not polluted by this migration path. Application of EM mapping confirmed its usefulness as a tool for tracking environmental contamination. For successful interpretation, however, it must always be used in combination with mineralogical/petrological methods.
•Zn–Pb slags from Ruda Śląska concentrate PTEs: As, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Mn.•During rainfall, toxic elements migrate to secondary phases and to the nearby rivers.•EM measurements are a useful tool for the spatial investigation of PTEs migration.
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