Distributional semantics provides multidimensional, graded, empirically induced word representations that successfully capture many aspects of meaning in natural languages, as shown by a large body ...of research in computational linguistics; yet, its impact in theoretical linguistics has so far been limited. This review provides a critical discussion of the literature on distributional semantics, with an emphasis on methods and results that are relevant for theoretical linguistics, in three areas: semantic change, polysemy and composition, and the grammar-semantics interface (specifically, the interface of semantics with syntax and with derivational morphology). The goal of this review is to foster greater cross-fertilization of theoretical and computational approaches to language as a means to advance our collective knowledge of how it works.
Prior work on adversarial example generation with syntactically controlled paraphrase networks requires large-scale paraphrase parallel corpora to train models. The performance of the model is ...seriously limited by the domain and scale of paraphrase parallel corpus. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an unsuprervised syntactically controlled paraphrase model to generate adversarial examples which only needs monolingual data. Specifically, variational autoencoder is used to learn model, which maps a sentence and a syntactic parse tree into semantic and syntactic variables, respectively. By learning to reconstruct the input sentence from syntactic and semantic variables, the model effectively learns to generate syntactic paraphrases without using any parallel data. Experiment results on unsupervised sentence paraphrasing and adversarial example generation demonstrate that the proposed model achieves new state-of-the-art results on unsupervised paraphrase generation and generate effective adversarial exam
Del 16 al 19 de marzo de 2021 se celebró la primera conferencia virtual ENDORSE (European Data Conference on Reference Data and Semantics)1, organizada por la Oficina de Publicaciones de la Unión ...Europea en colaboración con el programa ISA2 de la Comisión Europea. Así mismo, hubo sesiones dedicadas a soluciones tecnológicas relacionadas con el procesamiento del lenguaje natural, el aprendizaje automático y las técnicas de inteligencia artificial. Cabe destacar que las comunicaciones dejaron de manifiesto cómo la inteligencia artificial, empleada para actualizar y reasignar automáticamente los grafos de conocimiento, abre ahora interesantes posibilidades de interoperabilidad semántica, lo que permite una mayor eficiencia, precisión y explotación de los datos.
We report the results of an experiment investigating faultless disagreement by manipulating the relative expertise of the interlocutors. Our findings show that expertise differences affect judgments ...of faultless disagreement. We discuss ramifi- cations for prior accounts, and propose a novel account of faultless disagreement in a relativist framework making reference to standards of taste.
The article is devoted to the study of writer’s individual style. It is carried out using linguostylistic analysis of the linguistic as well as stylistic and textual features typical for his works. ...In total, over 200 poems by Sergei Vasilyev-Borogonsky were analyzed, including verses and poems. Linguistic and stylistic as well as textual facts are based on 500 lines of poetry. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the idiostyle of the writer is mainly manifested at the syntactic level. At this level, the syntactic and semantic-syntactic means are distinguished, represented by stylistic figures and syntactic constructions. The most common syntactic means are the types of repetitions that create the rhythmic organization of the poetic text (anaphora, epiphora) and some syntactic constructions that testify to folklorism and high pathos of the stylistics of works (syntactic parallelism, rhetorical questions, addresses and exclamations). Both semantic and syntactic means are found in the continuous connection of repetitions structure with their semantics (antitheses, gradations and refrains). By means of poetic syntax, S.S. Vasilyev-Borogonsky creates artistic images, reveals the themes and ideological intentions of his works, and creates author’s lyrical digressions. They also serve as a means of creating the composition and rhythm of a poetic text. The novelty of this study results from the fact that the language and style of the Yakut poet and publicist, Sergei Vasilyev-Borogonsky, has not yet become an object of special study.
Visant à ennoblir la langue française, la poésie de la Pléiade est perçue par la critique littéraire française comme ambitieuse et provocatrice, si bien que la question de l’implicite y est souvent ...négligée. Cependant, nous considérons que la question de l’implicite touche à celle de la philosophie de l’amour et de son expression poétique. Au XVI
e
siècle, les membres de la Pléiade ont beaucoup recours aux figures de style et développent notamment les « figures de sens », les « figures de pensée » et les figures de contradiction qui mettent en oeuvre un travail à la fois lexical et sémantique. En nous appuyant sur leurs traités rhétoriques et poétiques, nous proposons de réévaluer l’apport sémantique et l’éthique des figures de la poésie amoureuse. En nous attachant à l’étude des unités lexicales qui constituent les figures de style et aux méthodes de l’analyse énonciative, nous rechercherons les manifestations de l’implicite dans la construction lexicale des figures et leur dimension énonciative, en particulier à travers les épithètes subjectives et les adressages différents de la répétition des déictiques.
Elements on the implicit in the poetry of the Pléiade: for a figural and enunciative approach
: Aiming to ennoble the French language, the poetry of the Pleiade in French literary criticism presents an ambitious and provocative impression, the question of the ”implicit” side of which is often overlooked. However, we consider the question of the implicit to be related to that of the philosophy of poetic love and expression. In the 16th century, the members of the Pleiade made great use of stylistic procedures, in particular by developing ”figures of meaning”, ”figures of thought” and figures of contradiction which involved both lexical and semantic work. With these rhetorical and poetic treatises, we therefore propose a modern reassessment of the semantic and ethical contribution of figures in love poetry, in particular through the study of the lexical units constituting figures of speech and the methods of analysis. enunciative, to research on the manifestation of the implicit in the mechanism of the lexical construction of the figures of the enunciative approach, in particular through the subjective epithets and the different addresses of the repetition of deictics.
Notre propos, dans le présent article, est de focaliser l’attention sur la classe de la relative adjective dite « restrictive-déterminative » pour interroger cette équivalence sémantique entre la ...valeur restrictive et la valeur déterminative sur la base d’une définition de la détermination en termes d’identification référentielle. Cette investigation a nécessité d’interpeller des énoncés avec relative non seulement dans la phrase libre, mais aussi dans la phrase figée – absente dans la littérature –, en l’occurrence l’énoncé proverbial. La valeur « restrictive-déterminative » – dont l’étude est généralement cantonnée dans un cadre phrastique – est confrontée également, dans notre analyse, à des relatives saisies dans leur fonctionnement discursif ou textuel, en l’occurrence le cas des relatives employées après les démonstratifs mémoriels génériques et spécifiques non encore exploitées dans la définition de ladite valeur. Cette investigation a débouché sur une nouvelle typologie des valeurs sémantiques de la relative adjective.
Adjectival relative and restrictive-determinative value. Sentential and discursive study.
The purpose of this paper is to focus on the class of the adjectival relative called “restrictive-determinative” to question this semantic equivalence between the restrictive value and the determinative value based on a definition of the determination in terms of referential identification. This investigation required questioning utterances with relative not only in the free sentence, but also in the fixed sentence – absent in the literature – in this case the proverbial utterance. The “restrictive-determinative” value – a study that is generally confined to a sentential framework – is also confronted, in our analysis, with relatives grasped in their discursive or textual functioning, in this case the relatives used after the generic and specific memory demonstratives not yet exploited in the definition of the said value. This investigation led to a new typology of the semantic values of the adjectival relative.
The paper systematically investigates operators in post-head positions within the three constructions referring to states of affairs in Hungarian, that is, within verbal, deverbal nominal and ...infinitival phrases. Hungarian is well-known to be a language in which all types of operator can be, and are usually, spelt out in the pre-head zone. However, it has not been discussed in a systematic and comprehensive way earlier whether operators can appear in post-head positions. The paper points out that this is partially possible via a systematic overview of six basic operator types. It also illustrates that while spelling out operators in the pre-head zone results in unambiguous constructions, placing them in post-head positions yields different types of ambiguity. As for the acceptability of scope taking arguments, finite verbal constructions show a black-and-white picture while infinitival and deverbal nominal constructions can be characterized by gray zones in respect of the readiness of arguments to take scope from post-head position. In these “gray zones”, a somewhat speaker-dependent variation can be observed, presumably with underlying microvariation. To represent and interpret our findings, we use Grohmann’s (2000, 2003) phase-theoretic approach with its pragmasemantics-based three Spell-Out domains per cycle.
La question de la transitivité sémantique a surtout été envisagée par les typologues dans le but de dégager des invariants inter-langue. Le « prototype transitif » fédère autour de lui les autres ...constructions verbales en vertu du continuum de transitivité mais cette notion n’aide pas à comprendre en quoi ces autres constructions sont déviantes. Notre approche vise à prouver qu'il est possible de définir la transitivité sémantique non pas comme une propriété du verbe ou d'une construction mais comme la propriété d'une classe de verbes au sémantisme homogène (ici les verbes de contact issus de LVF) classifiés selon des critères de "ressemblance de famille". Les sous-classes transitives sont le résultat d’une analyse statistique multidimensionnelle sur la base de critères sélectionnés que l’on value pour obtenir un score transitif.
The semantic transitivity of French verbs under the test of family resemblance
. The question of semantic transitivity of verbs has mainly been considered by typologists in order to identify cross-language invariants. The “transitive prototype” aggregates other verbal constructions by virtue of the transitivity continuum but this notion does not help to understand how these other constructions are deviant. Our approach aims at proving that it is possible to define semantic transitivity not as a property of a verb or a construction but as a property of a class of verbs with homogeneous semantics (here contact verbs from LVF) classified according to “family resemblance” criteria. The transitive subclasses are the result of a multivariate statistical analysis based on selected criteria valued to obtain a transitive score.
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