În prima parte a volumului se remarcă un pregnant suport lingvistic care traversează lucrarea, interferenţa pragmaticii cu alte ramuri ale lingvisticii reprezintă firul roşu al lucrării, având o ...însemnată prezenţă până în capitolul opt unde pragmatica se evidenţiază în abordări de sine stătătoare. Timpurile verbului între semantică si pragmatică (p. 271-328) evidenţiază în prima parte a capitolului o exemplificare multilingvă în ceea ce priveşte concordanţa verbelor (engleză, franceză, italiană şi română), iar în a doua parte sensul conceptual si sensul procedural (p. 318-322) precum şi timpurile gramaticale într-o abordare logică (p. 322-328) confirmă faptul că „uzajul din română se supune unor reguli semantice, sintactice , discursive complexe, pe care studiile lingvistice încep, timid, să le evidenţieze" (p. 329). Ultimele patru capitole ale lucrării se remarcă cu o structură independentă a pragmaticii, gravitând în jurul filosofiei limbajului, a implicaturilor conversaţionale (p. 331-379), a presupoziţiei (p. 381-442), cea din urmă gravitând între domeniul semanticii şi cel al pragmaticii (p. 422).
Această lucrare reprezintă o provocare pentru mijloacele de apropiere a ştiinţei istorice de adevăr şi de descifrare a realităţilor din trecut, altfel spus, textul este tradus şi analizat în toate ...conexiunile autorului cu realitatea pe care o descrie, cu viziunea şi înţelegerea a ceea a cunoscut de visu sau despre care i s-a relatat şi cu concepţia de elaborare a textului (despre ce scrie, adică ce aspecte descrie, cât de amănunţit sau, din contra, cât de telegrafic face relatarea ş.a.) Aflată în continuitatea cercetărilor unor opere majore ale culturii universale, ale lui Dimitrie Cantemir, Petru Movilă sau a scrierilor arabe creştine, Ioana Feodorov dispune de toate instrumentele necesare realizării unui asemenea proiect gigant : cunoaşterea perfectă a câtorva limbi moderne şi clasice, a limbii arabe moderne şi a celei medievale (şi în expresia ei particulară creştină), cu expertiză paleografică îndelungată. Explicarea detaliată a tuturor particularităţilor textului în arabă : lexicale, semantice sau ale câmpurilor onomasiologice (de ex., terminologia „tehnică" referitoare la cult şi biserică) formează o contribuţie deosebit de importantă la cunoaşterea atât a culturii arabe şi a culturilor ţărilor vizitate, prin aducerea la zi a informaţiilor ştiinţifice, mai mult decât a făcuto o Paul. Dintr-o înaltă consideraţie a funcţiei de Patriarh, fiul se referă la tatăl său ca la o persoană oficială, pe care o descrie protocolar, dar cu multe amănunte, doar în momentele sale publice, iar relaţiile dintre ei apar strict oficiale sau de serviciu.
Information retrieval (IR) systems like content delivery portals (CDP) help users to complete processes like searching tasks. However, these systems are facing difficulties like a lack of context or ...an abundance of content within the required information. An approach to solve this problem is the creation of microDocs with semantic correlation rules (SCR). The objective of this paper is to examine the realization of SCR in CDP according to use cases by focusing on the impact SCR have on the effectiveness of CDP for IR. SCR can be implemented in various creation systems. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the exemplary development of SCR in a component content management system (CCMS). Therefore, a system-based evaluation was conducted. In addition a test collection, following an ontology and a corresponding metadata architecture was created to evaluate the impact of SCR on CDP. The evaluation includes three systems, representing the different types of CDP. It uses methodology precision and recall, as well-fitting methods for the intended purpose. To conclude and finalize, testing results will be summed up, interpreted and the findings will be provided with an outlook.
The study under consideration highlights the multidimensional comprehensive analysis of eight texts of diverse genre attribution applied in the international PIRLS testing during 2001-2011 (PIRLS ...(Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) is conducted by International Association in assessment of academic achievements IEA. The national coordinator of the research implementation PIRLS in the Russian Federation is FIAQE «Federal Institute of assessment of quality education»). The objective of the study is to substantiate the hypothesis concerning similarities and differences in typological characteristics that aim at evaluating the complexity of popular science and literary texts. The cornerstone of the theory serves the assumption of the text complexity which involves quantitative (the word, sentence, text length) as well as qualitative (narrativity, syntactical simplicity, precision, referential cohesion, semantic cohesion) characteristics of the text 14. The study determines that literary texts display a wider diversity of syntactical structures and a higher narrative degree than popular science texts under similar length and readability conditions. The precision indicators of popular science and literary texts are manifested in approximately the same range whereas referential and semantic cohesion represent a broad range of fluctuations in both cases.
Quite a large number of linguistic works are aimed at understand-ing the essence of power, the main task of which is to reconstruct the per-ception and attitude to power. This article attempts to ...analyze the lexical and semantic field of the concept "POWER", with special attention paid to the meanings of the word "power". The illustrative material is the Dictionary of the Russian language, as well as the Old Russian texts "Domostroy" and "The Legend of Princess Olga". The description of the lexical and semantic field of the concept of "Power" based on the material of these texts allows one to identify the initial ideas about the phenomenon of power.
Translation of songs used in films comprises a unique phenomenon since it supposes to take into account an interdependence of two multimodal systems and their components. The challenges associated ...with the translation of songs in films manifest themselves both on the level of an internal system of a song (interconnection of lyrics and music on prosodic, poetic and semantic levels) and external relations of a song and a film it is immersed into (visual, audial and semantic levels of interaction). The article attempts to consider translation of songs in films within the frameworks of the functional approach and states that the pragmatic function and communicative purpose of a song in a film are translation dominants. The paper suggests and discusses five levels of correspondence between the source song and target song in film translation, i.e., pragmatic, semantic, stylistic, cinematic, and aesthetic. It determines a correlation between translation technique used in the recreation of lyrics (zero translation, interlinear translation and adaptation) and potentially achievable levels of correspondence.
This research focuses on translation strategies and techniques for rendering slang in Quentin Tarantino’s films “Pulp Fiction” and “Once Upon a Time in Hollywood”. The material of the research was ...the original scripts for the films and their translations into Ukrainian. Defining translation strategies when transferring English slang into Ukrainian involved: frequency analysis of the slang words; semantic decomposition of the slang words to establish their meanings; and comparison of the words to reveal consistent patterns of translating English slang into Ukrainian. Slang words
fucking, fuck, shit, goddamn, motherfucker
make up 3.6% of the total wordcount in “Pulp Fiction” and 1.33% in “Once Upon a Time in… Hollywood”. They mainly function as exclamations, nominations for something inferior, as euphony, or to denote a despicable adversary. Literal translation has been registered in 31.73% in “Pulp Fiction” and 30.98% in “Once Upon a Time in Hollywood”, explicitation (6.07% and 26.03%,) substitution (39.75% and 48.8%). Slang words were neutralised in 15.45% and 16.8%, omitted in 21.34% and 21.72%. The study hypothesises that the techniques involved show a correlation between the semantic transparency of the slang word and the strategy chosen.
The study of psychological and pedagogical conditions, and the formation of professionally significant qualities of the future speech therapist, is associated with the formation of intonational and ...semantic skills, which affects the training of future specialists. The presented forms, methods of organizing the educational process on the example of specific subjects of the educational plan, made it possible to increase the competence of students. Specially selected exercises during the "Pedagogy" discipline were focused on mastering the scientific style, which contributed to the development of semantic reading. The results of the work done confirm that if specially selected tasks are included in the educational process, this allows for better training of future speech therapists in accordance with the standard of professional training in the context of digitalization.
The concept of incoherence naturally arises in ontological settings, specially when integrating knowledge. In the Datalog.sup.+ or - literature, however, this is an issue that is yet to be studied ...more deeply. The main focus of our work is to show how classical inconsistency-tolerant semantics for query answering behaves when dealing with atoms that are relevant to unsatisfiable sets of existential rules, which may hamper the quality of answers and any reasoning task based on those semantics. We also propose a notion of incoherency-tolerant semantics for query answering in Datalog.sup.+ or -, and exemplify this notion with a particular semantics based on the transformation of classic Datalog.sup.+ or - ontologies into defeasible Datalog.sup.+ or - ones, which use argumentation as its reasoning machinery. Keywords Incoherence * Inconsistency-tolerant semantics * Argumentation * Datalog.sup.+ or - ontologies Mathematics Subject Classification (2010) 68T27 * 68T30 * 68T35 * 68T37
We introduce the notion of local completeness in abstract interpretation and define a logic for proving both the correctness and incorrectness of some program specification. Abstract interpretation ...is extensively used to design sound-by-construction program analyses that over-approximate program behaviours. Completeness of an abstract interpretation A for all possible programs and inputs would be an ideal situation for verifying correctness specifications, because the analysis can be done compositionally and no false alert will arise. Our first result shows that the class of programs whose abstract analysis on A is complete for all inputs has a severely limited expressiveness. A novel notion of local completeness weakens the above requirements by considering only some specific, rather than all, program inputs and thus finds wider applicability. In fact, our main contribution is the design of a proof system, parameterized by an abstraction A, that, for the first time, combines over- and under-approximations of program behaviours. Thanks to local completeness, in a provable triple ⊢A P c Q, the assertion Q is an under-approximation of the strongest post-condition postc(P) such that the abstractions in A of Q and postc(P) coincide. This means that Q is never too coarse, namely, under mild assumptions, the abstract interpretation of c does not yield false alerts for the input P iff Q has no alert. Thus, ⊢A P c Q not only ensures that all the alerts raised in Q are true ones, but also that if Q does not raise alerts then c is correct.
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