The “life” of an idiom, the frequency of its use in speech is limited by the time frame: those elements that were actively used a hundred years ago are gradually disappearing from the lexicon of a ...modern person. Therefore, it seemed to us relevant and important, both in theoretical and practical aspects, to develop a methodology for identifying only those phraseological units that are used in the live speech of modern native speakers and are necessary for communication in the Russian-speaking environment today. The study was conducted on the material of idioms with somatic components, including the word heart. We emphasize that the object of our analysis were only phraseological units used in oral speech. The work consisted of 2 stages: at the first stage, a general group of phraseological units with a heart component was identified, a component analysis of the dictionary definition of the word heart was carried out, and phrase-forming semes were identified. Each of these semes motivated a certain subgroup of phraseological units with heart component as part of the general group. At the second stage of the study, we conducted a survey of 100 informants belonging to different age groups. Analysis of the results made it possible to single out a group of 25 active speech idioms units that is relevant for a modern native speaker of the language. The proposed methodology is universal, it can be applied to any other group of phraseological units, so it could allow to determine what kind of idiomatic material should be included in the Russian as a foreign language course for active assimilation.
In this paper, I attempt a linguistic analysis of how lexeme values is used in academic sources. Without criticising the extensive use of this notion, I address the gap between what values are ...supposed to mean and what they can mean in a broader scholarly discourse. I start by discussing the lexicographic understanding of values and proceed to analyse scholastic literature where the meaning of values may be stretched. Within this approach, I question if the effective use of values is feasible in the future due to the increasingly controversial nature of the term and try to motivate a discussion of terminological precision in academic sources.
The article is devoted to the study of the specifics of the semantics of linguistic units at different levels of the language system, in which there are connotative semes that carry information about ...the culture of the people. It is established that by studying these schemes, we gain access not only to knowledge about the culture of the people, but also to the system of its values. It is stated that in the semantics of stable expressions of the English language - idioms, information about the cultural values of the British people is stored, analyzing which, we form a cultural background and understand more deeply how the British evaluate certain objects, events or phenomena of the real world that make up the linguistic picture of the British world.
O artigo se dedica ao estudo das especificidades da semântica das unidades linguísticas em diferentes níveis do sistema linguístico, em que há semas conotativos que carregam informações sobre a cultura do povo. Fica estabelecido que ao estudar esses esquemas, temos acesso não apenas ao conhecimento sobre a cultura do povo, mas também ao sistema de seus valores. Afirma-se que na semântica das expressões estáveis da língua inglesa - expressões idiomáticas, estão armazenadas informações sobre os valores culturais do povo britânico, analisando quais, formamos uma bagagem cultural e entendemos mais profundamente como os britânicos avaliam determinados objetos, eventos ou fenômenos do mundo real que compõem a imagem linguística do mundo britânico.
El artículo está dedicado al estudio de las especificidades de la semántica de las unidades lingüísticas en diferentes niveles del sistema lingüístico, en el que existen semas connotativos que transmiten información sobre la cultura de las personas. Se establece que al estudiar estos esquemas se accede no solo al conocimiento de la cultura de los pueblos, sino también al sistema de valores de la misma. Se afirma que en la semántica de expresiones estables del idioma inglés - modismos, se almacena información sobre los valores culturales del pueblo británico, analizándolos, formamos un trasfondo cultural y entendemos más profundamente cómo los británicos evalúan ciertos objetos, eventos o fenómenos del mundo real que conforman la imagen lingüística del mundo británico.
The optimal planning of electromagnetic skins (EMSs) installed on the building facades to enhance the received signal strength, and thus the wireless coverage and/or the Quality-of-Service (QoS) in ...large-scale urban areas, is addressed. More specifically, a novel instance of the System-by-Design (SbD) paradigm is proposed toward the implementation of a smart electromagnetic environment (SEME) where low-cost passive static reflective skins are deployed to enhance the level of the power received within selected Regions of Interest (RoIs). Thanks to the ad hoc customization of the SbD functional blocks, which includes the exploitation of a digital twin (DT) for the accurate yet fast assessment of the wireless coverage condition, effective solutions are yielded. Numerical results, dealing with real-world test beds, are shown to assess the capabilities, the potentialities, and the current limitations of the proposed EMSs' planning strategy.
The paper offers a new complex methodology for analyzing the linguocultural concept HUMAN AGE as a multidimensional archetypal and stereotypical mental structure of human consciousness. To recognize ...the systemic essence of the Ukrainian, Russian, and English native speakers’ world mapping and their cultural stereotypes, the concept HUMAN AGE is studied by considering its realization through lexical, phraseological, and paremiological units. The study assumes the analysis of such concept structure components as an etymological/historical layer that reflects the essential notional features of the concept, an additional layer, formed as a result of the concept in growth, and an active layer that is regarded relevant for the modern native speakers and represented by axio-notional, axio-figurative, and axio-evaluative stereotypes that help forward mentalizing the concept in the Ukrainian, Russian, and English native speakers’ consciousness. The archetypal basis of the concept is identified by considering the etymology of the concept names and nominations of age stages and persons by age in the three languages. The stages of stereotyping the axio-notional, axio-figurative, and axio-evaluative images of the human age that reveal the similarities (universal features) and differences (nationally specific features) in the mapping of archetypal and stereotypical images of the human age in the consciousness of Ukrainians, Russians, and the English are analyzed. Ultimately, the most complete set of archetypal and symbolic features (universal and nationally specific), sociocultural age stereotypes (neutral, positive, and negative), numerological, coloristic, phytomorphic, and zoomorphic metaphorical nominations of age stages and persons by age in Ukrainian, Russian, and English linguocultures is presented.
This article deals with the electromagnetic (EM) planning of static and passive EM skins (EMSs) in complex urban scenarios to improve the EM coverage of the base-station (BTS) antenna by means of a ...set of multihop (MH) cascaded reflections. Toward this end, an innovative system-by-design (SbD)-based method is developed where wireless links of arbitrary “depth,” which are implemented through multiple anomalous cascaded reflections, are optimized. Representative numerical results, concerned with real-world scenarios, are analyzed to assess the capabilities and the potentialities of such an instance of the so- called smart EM environment (SEME).
The article is devoted to the consideration of enantiosemy in English. An overview of the primary and secondary categorical features of this phenomenon is given. The part-of-speech affiliation of the ...enantionyms of the English language is analyzed. Verbal, substantival and adjectival types of enantiosemy are revealed as the most common. The groups of verbal enantionyms are distinguished on the basis of the seme oppositions in their semantic structure. It is found out that the semantics of most verbal enantionyms of the English language is built on the contrasting semes ‘add – remove, ‘give – get’, ‘positive emotion – negative emotion’, ‘subject – object’, ‘action – counteraction’, ‘positive action – negative action’. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the obtained results in university courses of lexicology, stylistics and pragmatics.
The article deals with the case of grammatical pleonasm, which involves the verbalization of the verbal position of the actant or localizer by the case forms of the personal refl exive pronoun self, ...which have a spatial or subject-object meaning. This phenomenon is widespread in modern usage (at least 50 verbs participate in it), in diff erent types of discourse (journalistic, political, advertising, colloquial, literary, educational and scientifi c), in oral and written speech, but it is not comprehended in terms of "language norm" or "speech error", although the data of explanatory dictionaries impose a ban on the duplicate use of the pronoun self with some verbs. The article proves the defi ciency of such combinations based on the semantic analysis of verbs, as well as by means of grammatical transformation - changing the part of speech or word order, which serve as additional methods of error verifi cation. Based on the analysis of semantics, the list of verbs (50 units) that form pleonastic collocations (55 units) with all members of the case paradigm (Genitive, Accusative, Dative, Ablative and Locative with or without a preposition) of the personal refl exive pronoun self was revealed. Pleonastic control is provoked mainly by transitive verbs with the meaning of "location" and "placement / movement of an object" (integrating it into something, or excluding it, joining it with something, collecting or eliminating), as well as the meaning of "possessing" or "obtaining". In metaphorical contexts with these verbs, the pronoun self is also redundant. From the point of view of linguistic logic, semantics and existing dictionary stipulations, this phenomenon should be codifi ed as a grammatical pleonasm.
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