Smellscape, as the sense of smell cross space, has a huge impact on human behavior, attitudes and health. However, so far it has rarely been addressed and measured in both landscape practice and ...theories. The present case study refined the quantitative smellwalk method to examine the spatial and temporal features of urban park smellscape. The effects of landscape patterns on smellscape were further unraveled combining with remote sensing techniques and field surveys. The results indicated that: (i) human activities and nature odors dominated the urban park odor environments, (ii) the temporal variation of the urban park smellscape was mainly driven by human activities, (iii) the different site types of urban park exerted a significant impact on the composition of the smellscape, and (iv) the landscape pattern characteristics of forest, shrubs, grass, water, buildings and roads had significant effects on different types of odors. This study poses a first systematic exploration of various odors in urban green environments and offers novel insights into the design of smellscape via unveiling spatial-temporal odor distribution patterns.
•Explored a wide array of smells in urban parks and proposed a classification scheme of smells.•Unveiled the spatial and temporal patterns of smellscape in an urban park in Guangzhou city, China.•Investigated the effects of the landscape spatial pattern on smellscape, providing novel insights into the planning and management of urban greening.•Refined the smellwalk method to measure and investigate smellscape.
Aeroscapes—dynamic patterns of air speed and direction—form a critical component of landscape ecology by shaping numerous animal behaviors, including movement, foraging, and social and/or ...reproductive interactions. Aeroecology is particularly critical for sensory ecology: air is the medium through which many sensory signals and cues propagate, inherently linking sensory perception to variables such as air speed and turbulence. Yet, aeroscapes are seldom explicitly considered in studies of sensory ecology and evolution. A key first step towards this goal is to describe the aeroscapes of habitats. Here, we quantify the variation in air movement in two successional stages (early and late) of a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. We recorded air speeds every 10 seconds at five different heights simultaneously. Average air speeds and turbulence increased with height above the ground, generally peaked midday, and were higher overall at the early successional forest site. These patterns of lower air speed and turbulence at ground level and overnight have important implications for olfactory foraging niches, as chemotaxis is most reliable when air movement is low and steady. We discuss our results in the context of possible selective pressures and observed variation in the foraging ecology, behaviors, and associated morphologies of resident vertebrates, with a focus on mammals. However, these data also have relevance to researchers studying socioecology, invertebrate biology, plant evolution, community ecology and more. Further investigation into how animals use different forest types, canopy heights and partition activities across different times of day will further inform our understanding of how landscape and sensory ecology are interrelated. Finally, we emphasize the timeliness of monitoring aeroecology as global wind patterns shift with climate change and human disturbance alters forest structure, which may have important downstream consequences for biological conservation.
Stimulated by growing competition in the tourism market, the offer available needs to be continuously enhanced, and as a result those doing the development reach out for increasingly sophisticated ...measures. An important element in this context is the popular multi-sensory perception of landscape which guarantees that the tourism product created will be interesting and unique. This helps to provide more interesting experiences and achieve greater involvement, which undoubtedly allows greater satisfaction to be drawn from participation in tourism activities. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate tha the multi-sensory approach to landscape may be applied in the creation process of the tourism product, and this proposition will be supported with examples corresponding to particular landscape stimuli. The author intends to show that contemporary tourism offers benefit from the phenomenon of the multi-sensory landscape more and more frequently.
ABSTRACTWhat cultural ecosystem services (CES) do people perceive in their immediate surroundings, and what sensory experiences are linked to these ecosystem services? And how are these CES and ...experiences expressed in natural language? In this study, we used data generated through a gamified application called Window Expeditions, where people uploaded short descriptions of landscapes they were able to experience through their windows during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a combination of annotation, close reading and distant reading using natural language processing and graph analysis to extract CES and sensory experiences and link these to biophysical landscape elements. In total, 272 users contributed 373 descriptions in English across more than 40 countries. Of the cultural ecosystem services, recreation was the most prominently described, followed by heritage, identity and tranquility. Descriptions of sensory experiences focused on the visual but also included auditory experiences and touch and feel. Sensory experiences and cultural ecosystem services varied according to biophysical landscape elements, with, for example, animals being more associated with sound and touch/feel and heritage being more associated with moving objects and the built environment. Sentiments also varied across the senses, with the visual being more strongly associated with positive experiences than other senses. This study showed how a hybrid approach combining manual analysis and natural language processing can be productively applied to landscape descriptions generated by members of the public, and how CES on everyday lived landscapes can be extracted from such data sources.
This paper shows how changes to the appearance of a street after the revitalization process influence the perception of the street, its sensory landscape and atmosphere. The example of Cathedral ...Street (Ulica Tumska), the high street in Płock, an average-sized town in Poland, is used to prove that such changes may bring some unexpected results by evoking negative emotions among the residents. The results of the study conducted using focus groups show that the contemporary ambience of Cathedral Street cause negative sensations perceived in four dimensions: touchscape, seescape, soundscape, and smellscape. Those feelings seem to be even stronger taking under consideration positive memories of the street before revitalization. As a result of the negative atmosphere of Cathedral Street and the unpleasant emotions it evokes, the residents’ activities conducted on the street are reduced only to fulfilling the most necessary needs. Such conclusion results in a postulate that when designing or redesigning public spaces we should always be aware of the consequences for the ambience of the street and the need to generate positive emotions.
Stimulated by growing competition in the tourism market, the offer available needs to be continuously enhanced, and as a result those doing the development reach out for increasingly sophisticated ...measures. An important element in this context is the popular multi-sensory perception of landscape which guarantees that the tourism product created will be interesting and unique. This helps to provide more interesting experiences and achieve greater involvement, which undoubtedly allows greater satisfaction to be drawn from participation in tourism activities. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the multi-sensory approach to landscape may be applied in the creation process of the tourism product, and this proposition will be supported with examples corresponding to particular landscape stimuli. The author intends to show that contemporary tourism offers benefit from the phenomenon of the multi-sensory landscape more and more frequently.
Animals make many ecological decisions such as foraging, mating, and avoiding predators based on the information they extract from the sensory cues in their environment. Environmental stimuli which ...include the information animals use for decision making can be called a sensory landscape. To investigate ecological decision making in complex sensory landscapes, we presented a crayfish with a choice of resource rich and resource poor habitats under different simulated predatory conditions within a Y-maze setting. A simulated predation event (alarm odor) was alternately placed in either the resource rich or poor habitat to observe the impact of the predation event on the habitat choice and use. Habitats consisted of multiple food resources, multiple shelter resources or combined food and shelter resources. Trials were videotaped and crayfish behavior was analyzed for time spent in each habitat under different predatory and resource conditions. Results show that crayfish avoided the location of alarm odors, regardless of resource presence. Resource preference of crayfish differed among resources depending on the alarm odor location. Female and male crayfish made different decisions based on resource type and alarm odor location. Information from the crayfish's sensory landscape drives the decision making of crayfish. Researchers need to understand the sensory environment of an animal in order to make the most accurate prediction on an animal's decision making and behavior. We suggest using a sensory landscape model, because organisms use the entire umwelt of stimuli to guide their decision on habitat and resource use.
Okosnicu rada čini koncept krajobraznog identiteta promatran iz nove perspektive – perspektive pet osnovnih ljudskih osjetila: vida, sluha, njuha, opipa i okusa. Naime, krajobrazni (i općenito ...prostorni) identitet uglavnom se shvaća kao fenomen utemeljen na prepoznatljivim vizualnim karakteristikama. Međutim, sva je okolina multiosjetilni medij, bogat informacijama iz svih područja percepcije, a i čovjek je multiosjetilno biće i doživljava okolinu s više osjetila. U skladu s tim, ishodišna je pretpostavka rada ideja da se identifikacija čovjeka, odnosno društva, s prostorom ne odvija samo kroz interakciju s njezinim vizualnim nego i auditornim, olfaktornim, taktilnim, pa i gustatornim značajkama. Za područje istraživanja odabrana je dalmatinska regija. Primjenom metode analize sadržaja, na uzorcima lirskih pjesama te promotivnih (pretežno turističkih) materijala, cilj je bio ispitati na kojim se obilježjima, vizualnim i nevizualnim, temelji društvena predodžba dalmatinskoga krajobraza. Rezultati upućuju na to da je krajobrazni identitet Dalmacije u osjetilnom smislu raznolik. Spoznaja o krajobraznom identitetu kao osjetilno višedimenzionalnoj pojavi otvara mnoga nova pitanja i mogućnosti na području krajobrazne teorije i prakse.
Coastal environment, its natural world, and humans, are besides climate change effects subject to
significant pressures by maritime-related, tourism, energy, aquaculture, and other sectors, all ...resulting
in chemical pollution of all environmental components, noise pollution, and visual pollution. Humans
attempt to adapt, mainly through devising and applying technological solutions. The senses incorporate
the environment into the body and there is a mismatch between the way senses evolved and present
surroundings, causing the disruption of visual acuity, smell, taste, and hearing. The disruptions to
sensory landscape have thus altered the relationships between the organisms and the environment. The
perceptual world or ‘umwelt’ differs for each organism. The impacts of environmental alterations to
sensory landscape disrupt human sensory functioning, resulting in health impacts. Habitat disturbance
in aquatic environments caused by acidification, contaminants, noise, optical degradation, elevated
temperature, and electromagnetic fields can severely impact animal sensory biology. The paper focuses
on sensory system responses of both humans and the wildlife to anthropogenically-induced and climate
changes, reviews the issues resulting therefrom, and proposes solutions.
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